Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is described as primary dysfunction in the heart culminating in renal injury or vice versa. CRS can be classified into five groups, and uremic toxin (UT) accumulation is observed in all types of CRS. Protein-bound uremic toxin (PBUT) accumulation is responsible for permane...

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Autores principales:	Carolina Amaral Bueno Azevedo, Regiane Stafim da Cunha, Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho, Jessica Verônica da Silva, Andréa N. Moreno-Amaral, Thyago Proença de Moraes, Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos, Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	extracellular vesicles cardiorenal syndrome peritoneal dialysis Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ce8ae3686b744d9b93911eb67e0b778a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ce8ae3686b744d9b93911eb67e0b778a2021-11-25T19:08:45ZExtracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis10.3390/toxins131107782072-6651https://doaj.org/article/ce8ae3686b744d9b93911eb67e0b778a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/778https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is described as primary dysfunction in the heart culminating in renal injury or vice versa. CRS can be classified into five groups, and uremic toxin (UT) accumulation is observed in all types of CRS. Protein-bound uremic toxin (PBUT) accumulation is responsible for permanent damage to the renal tissue, and mainly occurs in CRS types 3 and 4, thus compromising renal function directly leading to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and/or subsequent proteinuria. With this decrease in GFR, patients may need renal replacement therapy (RRT), such as peritoneal dialysis (PD). PD is a high-quality and home-based dialysis therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is based on the semi-permeable characteristics of the peritoneum. These patients are exposed to factors which may cause several modifications on the peritoneal membrane. The presence of UT may harm the peritoneum membrane, which in turn can lead to the formation of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are released by almost all cell types and contain lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites, membrane proteins, and cytosolic components from their cell origin. Our research group previously demonstrated that the EVs can be related to endothelial dysfunction and are formed when UTs are in contact with the endothelial monolayer. In this scenario, this review explores the mechanisms of EV formation in CRS, uremia, the peritoneum, and as potential biomarkers in peritoneal dialysis.Carolina Amaral Bueno AzevedoRegiane Stafim da CunhaCarolina Victoria Cruz JunhoJessica Verônica da SilvaAndréa N. Moreno-AmaralThyago Proença de MoraesMarcela Sorelli Carneiro-RamosAndréa Emilia Marques StinghenMDPI AGarticleextracellular vesiclescardiorenal syndromeperitoneal dialysisMedicineRENToxins, Vol 13, Iss 778, p 778 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	extracellular vesicles cardiorenal syndrome peritoneal dialysis Medicine R
spellingShingle	extracellular vesicles cardiorenal syndrome peritoneal dialysis Medicine R Carolina Amaral Bueno Azevedo Regiane Stafim da Cunha Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho Jessica Verônica da Silva Andréa N. Moreno-Amaral Thyago Proença de Moraes Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis
description	Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is described as primary dysfunction in the heart culminating in renal injury or vice versa. CRS can be classified into five groups, and uremic toxin (UT) accumulation is observed in all types of CRS. Protein-bound uremic toxin (PBUT) accumulation is responsible for permanent damage to the renal tissue, and mainly occurs in CRS types 3 and 4, thus compromising renal function directly leading to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and/or subsequent proteinuria. With this decrease in GFR, patients may need renal replacement therapy (RRT), such as peritoneal dialysis (PD). PD is a high-quality and home-based dialysis therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is based on the semi-permeable characteristics of the peritoneum. These patients are exposed to factors which may cause several modifications on the peritoneal membrane. The presence of UT may harm the peritoneum membrane, which in turn can lead to the formation of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are released by almost all cell types and contain lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites, membrane proteins, and cytosolic components from their cell origin. Our research group previously demonstrated that the EVs can be related to endothelial dysfunction and are formed when UTs are in contact with the endothelial monolayer. In this scenario, this review explores the mechanisms of EV formation in CRS, uremia, the peritoneum, and as potential biomarkers in peritoneal dialysis.
format	article
author	Carolina Amaral Bueno Azevedo Regiane Stafim da Cunha Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho Jessica Verônica da Silva Andréa N. Moreno-Amaral Thyago Proença de Moraes Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen
author_facet	Carolina Amaral Bueno Azevedo Regiane Stafim da Cunha Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho Jessica Verônica da Silva Andréa N. Moreno-Amaral Thyago Proença de Moraes Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen
author_sort	Carolina Amaral Bueno Azevedo
title	Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis
title_short	Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis
title_full	Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis
title_fullStr	Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis
title_full_unstemmed	Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis
title_sort	extracellular vesicles and their relationship with the heart–kidney axis, uremia and peritoneal dialysis
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ce8ae3686b744d9b93911eb67e0b778a
work_keys_str_mv	AT carolinaamaralbuenoazevedo extracellularvesiclesandtheirrelationshipwiththeheartkidneyaxisuremiaandperitonealdialysis AT regianestafimdacunha extracellularvesiclesandtheirrelationshipwiththeheartkidneyaxisuremiaandperitonealdialysis AT carolinavictoriacruzjunho extracellularvesiclesandtheirrelationshipwiththeheartkidneyaxisuremiaandperitonealdialysis AT jessicaveronicadasilva extracellularvesiclesandtheirrelationshipwiththeheartkidneyaxisuremiaandperitonealdialysis AT andreanmorenoamaral extracellularvesiclesandtheirrelationshipwiththeheartkidneyaxisuremiaandperitonealdialysis AT thyagoproencademoraes extracellularvesiclesandtheirrelationshipwiththeheartkidneyaxisuremiaandperitonealdialysis AT marcelasorellicarneiroramos extracellularvesiclesandtheirrelationshipwiththeheartkidneyaxisuremiaandperitonealdialysis AT andreaemiliamarquesstinghen extracellularvesiclesandtheirrelationshipwiththeheartkidneyaxisuremiaandperitonealdialysis
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Extracellular Vesicles and Their Relationship with the Heart–Kidney Axis, Uremia and Peritoneal Dialysis

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