Evaluation of Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval from Homogeneously Reprocessed Long-Term GNSS Tropospheric Zenith Wet Delay, and Multi-Technique

Water vapor is one of the most important greenhouse gases in the world. There are many techniques that can measure water vapor directly or remotely. In this work, we first study the Global Positioning System (GPS)- and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)-derived Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) t...

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Autores principales: Hang Su, Tao Yang, Kan Wang, Baoqi Sun, Xuhai Yang
Formato: article
Lenguaje:EN
Publicado: MDPI AG 2021
Materias:
ZWD
PWV
Q
Acceso en línea:https://doaj.org/article/ceb5aed35ccf4b0db1c648b8a25fe4fc
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:ceb5aed35ccf4b0db1c648b8a25fe4fc2021-11-11T18:59:28ZEvaluation of Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval from Homogeneously Reprocessed Long-Term GNSS Tropospheric Zenith Wet Delay, and Multi-Technique10.3390/rs132144902072-4292https://doaj.org/article/ceb5aed35ccf4b0db1c648b8a25fe4fc2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4490https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292Water vapor is one of the most important greenhouse gases in the world. There are many techniques that can measure water vapor directly or remotely. In this work, we first study the Global Positioning System (GPS)- and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)-derived Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) time series based on 11 years of the second reprocessing campaign of International Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Service (IGS) using 320 globally distributed stations. The amount of measurement, the local environment, and the antenna radome are shown to be the main factors that affect the GNSS ZWDs and the corresponding a posteriori formal errors. Furthermore, antenna radome is able to effectively reduce the systematic bias of ZWDs and a posteriori formal errors between the GPS- and GLONASS-based solutions. With the development of the GLONASS, the ZWD differences between the GPS- and the GLONASS-based solutions have gradually decreased to sub-mm-level after GLONASS was fully operated. As the GPS-based Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) is usually used as the reference to evaluate the other PWV products, the PWV consistency among several common techniques is evaluated, including GNSSs, spaceborne sensors, and numerical products from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). As an example of the results from a detailed comparison analysis, the long-term global analysis shows that the PWV obtained from the GNSS and the ECMWF have great intra-agreements. Based on the global distribution of the magnitude of the PWV and the PWV drift, most of the techniques showed superior agreement and proved their ability to do climate research. With a detailed study performed for the ZWDs and PWV on a long-term global scale, this contribution provides a useful supplement for future research on the GNSS ZWD and PWV.Hang SuTao YangKan WangBaoqi SunXuhai YangMDPI AGarticleZWDPWVGNSSECMWFMODISAIRSScienceQENRemote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4490, p 4490 (2021)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic ZWD
PWV
GNSS
ECMWF
MODIS
AIRS
Science
Q
spellingShingle ZWD
PWV
GNSS
ECMWF
MODIS
AIRS
Science
Q
Hang Su
Tao Yang
Kan Wang
Baoqi Sun
Xuhai Yang
Evaluation of Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval from Homogeneously Reprocessed Long-Term GNSS Tropospheric Zenith Wet Delay, and Multi-Technique
description Water vapor is one of the most important greenhouse gases in the world. There are many techniques that can measure water vapor directly or remotely. In this work, we first study the Global Positioning System (GPS)- and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)-derived Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) time series based on 11 years of the second reprocessing campaign of International Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Service (IGS) using 320 globally distributed stations. The amount of measurement, the local environment, and the antenna radome are shown to be the main factors that affect the GNSS ZWDs and the corresponding a posteriori formal errors. Furthermore, antenna radome is able to effectively reduce the systematic bias of ZWDs and a posteriori formal errors between the GPS- and GLONASS-based solutions. With the development of the GLONASS, the ZWD differences between the GPS- and the GLONASS-based solutions have gradually decreased to sub-mm-level after GLONASS was fully operated. As the GPS-based Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) is usually used as the reference to evaluate the other PWV products, the PWV consistency among several common techniques is evaluated, including GNSSs, spaceborne sensors, and numerical products from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). As an example of the results from a detailed comparison analysis, the long-term global analysis shows that the PWV obtained from the GNSS and the ECMWF have great intra-agreements. Based on the global distribution of the magnitude of the PWV and the PWV drift, most of the techniques showed superior agreement and proved their ability to do climate research. With a detailed study performed for the ZWDs and PWV on a long-term global scale, this contribution provides a useful supplement for future research on the GNSS ZWD and PWV.
format article
author Hang Su
Tao Yang
Kan Wang
Baoqi Sun
Xuhai Yang
author_facet Hang Su
Tao Yang
Kan Wang
Baoqi Sun
Xuhai Yang
author_sort Hang Su
title Evaluation of Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval from Homogeneously Reprocessed Long-Term GNSS Tropospheric Zenith Wet Delay, and Multi-Technique
title_short Evaluation of Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval from Homogeneously Reprocessed Long-Term GNSS Tropospheric Zenith Wet Delay, and Multi-Technique
title_full Evaluation of Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval from Homogeneously Reprocessed Long-Term GNSS Tropospheric Zenith Wet Delay, and Multi-Technique
title_fullStr Evaluation of Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval from Homogeneously Reprocessed Long-Term GNSS Tropospheric Zenith Wet Delay, and Multi-Technique
title_full_unstemmed Evaluation of Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval from Homogeneously Reprocessed Long-Term GNSS Tropospheric Zenith Wet Delay, and Multi-Technique
title_sort evaluation of precipitable water vapor retrieval from homogeneously reprocessed long-term gnss tropospheric zenith wet delay, and multi-technique
publisher MDPI AG
publishDate 2021
url https://doaj.org/article/ceb5aed35ccf4b0db1c648b8a25fe4fc
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AT kanwang evaluationofprecipitablewatervaporretrievalfromhomogeneouslyreprocessedlongtermgnsstroposphericzenithwetdelayandmultitechnique
AT baoqisun evaluationofprecipitablewatervaporretrievalfromhomogeneouslyreprocessedlongtermgnsstroposphericzenithwetdelayandmultitechnique
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