Tumor-Associated Exosomes: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Restoring Anti-Tumor T Cell Responses in Human Tumor Microenvironments

Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are released by cells and play a variety of physiological roles including regulation of the immune system. Exosomes are heterogeneous and present in vast numbers in tumor microenvironments. A large subset of these vesicles has been demonstra...

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Autores principales:	Gautam N. Shenoy, Maulasri Bhatta, Richard B. Bankert
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	exosomes T cell responses tumor microenvironment phosphatidylserine PD-L1 immune checkpoints Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cedcc5d4d6e04b1396b7cce86f5b50d9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cedcc5d4d6e04b1396b7cce86f5b50d92021-11-25T17:12:04ZTumor-Associated Exosomes: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Restoring Anti-Tumor T Cell Responses in Human Tumor Microenvironments10.3390/cells101131552073-4409https://doaj.org/article/cedcc5d4d6e04b1396b7cce86f5b50d92021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3155https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are released by cells and play a variety of physiological roles including regulation of the immune system. Exosomes are heterogeneous and present in vast numbers in tumor microenvironments. A large subset of these vesicles has been demonstrated to be immunosuppressive. In this review, we focus on the suppression of T cell function by exosomes in human tumor microenvironments. We start with a brief introduction to exosomes, with emphasis on their biogenesis, isolation and characterization. Next, we discuss the immunosuppressive effect of exosomes on T cells, reviewing in vitro studies demonstrating the role of different proteins, nucleic acids and lipids known to be associated with exosome-mediated suppression of T cell function. Here, we also discuss initial proof-of-principle studies that established the potential for rescuing T cell function by blocking or targeting exosomes. In the final section, we review different in vivo models that were utilized to study as well as target exosome-mediated immunosuppression, highlighting the Xenomimetic mouse (X-mouse) model and the Omental Tumor Xenograft (OTX) model that were featured in a recent study to evaluate the efficacy of a novel phosphatidylserine-binding molecule for targeting immunosuppressive tumor-associated exosomes.Gautam N. ShenoyMaulasri BhattaRichard B. BankertMDPI AGarticleexosomesT cell responsestumor microenvironmentphosphatidylserinePD-L1immune checkpointsBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENCells, Vol 10, Iss 3155, p 3155 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	exosomes T cell responses tumor microenvironment phosphatidylserine PD-L1 immune checkpoints Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	exosomes T cell responses tumor microenvironment phosphatidylserine PD-L1 immune checkpoints Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Gautam N. Shenoy Maulasri Bhatta Richard B. Bankert Tumor-Associated Exosomes: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Restoring Anti-Tumor T Cell Responses in Human Tumor Microenvironments
description	Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are released by cells and play a variety of physiological roles including regulation of the immune system. Exosomes are heterogeneous and present in vast numbers in tumor microenvironments. A large subset of these vesicles has been demonstrated to be immunosuppressive. In this review, we focus on the suppression of T cell function by exosomes in human tumor microenvironments. We start with a brief introduction to exosomes, with emphasis on their biogenesis, isolation and characterization. Next, we discuss the immunosuppressive effect of exosomes on T cells, reviewing in vitro studies demonstrating the role of different proteins, nucleic acids and lipids known to be associated with exosome-mediated suppression of T cell function. Here, we also discuss initial proof-of-principle studies that established the potential for rescuing T cell function by blocking or targeting exosomes. In the final section, we review different in vivo models that were utilized to study as well as target exosome-mediated immunosuppression, highlighting the Xenomimetic mouse (X-mouse) model and the Omental Tumor Xenograft (OTX) model that were featured in a recent study to evaluate the efficacy of a novel phosphatidylserine-binding molecule for targeting immunosuppressive tumor-associated exosomes.
format	article
author	Gautam N. Shenoy Maulasri Bhatta Richard B. Bankert
author_facet	Gautam N. Shenoy Maulasri Bhatta Richard B. Bankert
author_sort	Gautam N. Shenoy
title	Tumor-Associated Exosomes: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Restoring Anti-Tumor T Cell Responses in Human Tumor Microenvironments
title_short	Tumor-Associated Exosomes: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Restoring Anti-Tumor T Cell Responses in Human Tumor Microenvironments
title_full	Tumor-Associated Exosomes: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Restoring Anti-Tumor T Cell Responses in Human Tumor Microenvironments
title_fullStr	Tumor-Associated Exosomes: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Restoring Anti-Tumor T Cell Responses in Human Tumor Microenvironments
title_full_unstemmed	Tumor-Associated Exosomes: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Restoring Anti-Tumor T Cell Responses in Human Tumor Microenvironments
title_sort	tumor-associated exosomes: a potential therapeutic target for restoring anti-tumor t cell responses in human tumor microenvironments
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/cedcc5d4d6e04b1396b7cce86f5b50d9
work_keys_str_mv	AT gautamnshenoy tumorassociatedexosomesapotentialtherapeutictargetforrestoringantitumortcellresponsesinhumantumormicroenvironments AT maulasribhatta tumorassociatedexosomesapotentialtherapeutictargetforrestoringantitumortcellresponsesinhumantumormicroenvironments AT richardbbankert tumorassociatedexosomesapotentialtherapeutictargetforrestoringantitumortcellresponsesinhumantumormicroenvironments
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Tumor-Associated Exosomes: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Restoring Anti-Tumor T Cell Responses in Human Tumor Microenvironments

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