Ocular manifestations and biomarkers of Gulf War Illness in US veterans

Abstract Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a multisystem disease with variable presentations, making diagnosis difficult. Non-invasive biomarkers would aid in disease diagnosis. We hypothesized that the eye could serve as a biomarker for GWI. We performed a retrospective case–control study using a sample of...

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Autores principales:	Brandon S. Baksh, Kristen L. Zayan, Raquel Goldhardt, Elizabeth R. Felix, Nancy Klimas, Anat Galor
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cf5bdb62dd084910af3261dad60f161c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cf5bdb62dd084910af3261dad60f161c2021-12-02T17:04:05ZOcular manifestations and biomarkers of Gulf War Illness in US veterans10.1038/s41598-021-86061-02045-2322https://doaj.org/article/cf5bdb62dd084910af3261dad60f161c2021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86061-0https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a multisystem disease with variable presentations, making diagnosis difficult. Non-invasive biomarkers would aid in disease diagnosis. We hypothesized that the eye could serve as a biomarker for GWI. We performed a retrospective case–control study using a sample of 1246 patients seen during a 5-month period in an optometry clinic. We identified veterans who were active duty during the Gulf War Era and either had a questionnaire-based diagnosis of GWI (cases) or did not (controls). Medical records were reviewed for eye and medical co-morbidities, medication use, and retinal macular and nerve fiber layer (NFL) thicknesses based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Compared to controls (n = 85), individuals with GWI (n = 60) had a higher frequency of dry eye symptoms (50% vs 32.9%, p = 0.039). Multivariable analysis revealed average retinal NFL thickness (odds ratio; OR = 0.95), cup-to-disc ratio (OR = 0.005), age (OR = 0.82), and PTSD (OR = 20.5) were predictors of a GWI diagnosis. We conclude that GWI is associated with dry eye symptoms and RNFL thinning may serve as a biomarker for disease.Brandon S. BakshKristen L. ZayanRaquel GoldhardtElizabeth R. FelixNancy KlimasAnat GalorNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Brandon S. Baksh Kristen L. Zayan Raquel Goldhardt Elizabeth R. Felix Nancy Klimas Anat Galor Ocular manifestations and biomarkers of Gulf War Illness in US veterans
description	Abstract Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a multisystem disease with variable presentations, making diagnosis difficult. Non-invasive biomarkers would aid in disease diagnosis. We hypothesized that the eye could serve as a biomarker for GWI. We performed a retrospective case–control study using a sample of 1246 patients seen during a 5-month period in an optometry clinic. We identified veterans who were active duty during the Gulf War Era and either had a questionnaire-based diagnosis of GWI (cases) or did not (controls). Medical records were reviewed for eye and medical co-morbidities, medication use, and retinal macular and nerve fiber layer (NFL) thicknesses based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Compared to controls (n = 85), individuals with GWI (n = 60) had a higher frequency of dry eye symptoms (50% vs 32.9%, p = 0.039). Multivariable analysis revealed average retinal NFL thickness (odds ratio; OR = 0.95), cup-to-disc ratio (OR = 0.005), age (OR = 0.82), and PTSD (OR = 20.5) were predictors of a GWI diagnosis. We conclude that GWI is associated with dry eye symptoms and RNFL thinning may serve as a biomarker for disease.
format	article
author	Brandon S. Baksh Kristen L. Zayan Raquel Goldhardt Elizabeth R. Felix Nancy Klimas Anat Galor
author_facet	Brandon S. Baksh Kristen L. Zayan Raquel Goldhardt Elizabeth R. Felix Nancy Klimas Anat Galor
author_sort	Brandon S. Baksh
title	Ocular manifestations and biomarkers of Gulf War Illness in US veterans
title_short	Ocular manifestations and biomarkers of Gulf War Illness in US veterans
title_full	Ocular manifestations and biomarkers of Gulf War Illness in US veterans
title_fullStr	Ocular manifestations and biomarkers of Gulf War Illness in US veterans
title_full_unstemmed	Ocular manifestations and biomarkers of Gulf War Illness in US veterans
title_sort	ocular manifestations and biomarkers of gulf war illness in us veterans
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/cf5bdb62dd084910af3261dad60f161c
work_keys_str_mv	AT brandonsbaksh ocularmanifestationsandbiomarkersofgulfwarillnessinusveterans AT kristenlzayan ocularmanifestationsandbiomarkersofgulfwarillnessinusveterans AT raquelgoldhardt ocularmanifestationsandbiomarkersofgulfwarillnessinusveterans AT elizabethrfelix ocularmanifestationsandbiomarkersofgulfwarillnessinusveterans AT nancyklimas ocularmanifestationsandbiomarkersofgulfwarillnessinusveterans AT anatgalor ocularmanifestationsandbiomarkersofgulfwarillnessinusveterans
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Ocular manifestations and biomarkers of Gulf War Illness in US veterans

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