Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage.

Taking advantage of the complete genome sequences of several mammals, we developed a novel method to detect losses of well-established genes in the human genome through syntenic mapping of gene structures between the human, mouse, and dog genomes. Unlike most previous genomic methods for pseudogene...

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Autores principales:	Jingchun Zhu, J Zachary Sanborn, Mark Diekhans, Craig B Lowe, Tom H Pringle, David Haussler
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2007
Materias:	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cfa9ec0326204710889b5fcf5e225899
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cfa9ec0326204710889b5fcf5e2258992021-11-25T05:41:28ZComparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage.1553-734X1553-735810.1371/journal.pcbi.0030247https://doaj.org/article/cfa9ec0326204710889b5fcf5e2258992007-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030247https://doaj.org/toc/1553-734Xhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-7358Taking advantage of the complete genome sequences of several mammals, we developed a novel method to detect losses of well-established genes in the human genome through syntenic mapping of gene structures between the human, mouse, and dog genomes. Unlike most previous genomic methods for pseudogene identification, this analysis is able to differentiate losses of well-established genes from pseudogenes formed shortly after segmental duplication or generated via retrotransposition. Therefore, it enables us to find genes that were inactivated long after their birth, which were likely to have evolved nonredundant biological functions before being inactivated. The method was used to look for gene losses along the human lineage during the approximately 75 million years (My) since the common ancestor of primates and rodents (the euarchontoglire crown group). We identified 26 losses of well-established genes in the human genome that were all lost at least 50 My after their birth. Many of them were previously characterized pseudogenes in the human genome, such as GULO and UOX. Our methodology is highly effective at identifying losses of single-copy genes of ancient origin, allowing us to find a few well-known pseudogenes in the human genome missed by previous high-throughput genome-wide studies. In addition to confirming previously known gene losses, we identified 16 previously uncharacterized human pseudogenes that are definitive losses of long-established genes. Among them is ACYL3, an ancient enzyme present in archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes, but lost approximately 6 to 8 Mya in the ancestor of humans and chimps. Although losses of well-established genes do not equate to adaptive gene losses, they are a useful proxy to use when searching for such genetic changes. This is especially true for adaptive losses that occurred more than 250,000 years ago, since any genetic evidence of the selective sweep indicative of such an event has been erased.Jingchun ZhuJ Zachary SanbornMark DiekhansCraig B LoweTom H PringleDavid HausslerPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Computational Biology, Vol 3, Iss 12, p e247 (2007)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Jingchun Zhu J Zachary Sanborn Mark Diekhans Craig B Lowe Tom H Pringle David Haussler Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage.
description	Taking advantage of the complete genome sequences of several mammals, we developed a novel method to detect losses of well-established genes in the human genome through syntenic mapping of gene structures between the human, mouse, and dog genomes. Unlike most previous genomic methods for pseudogene identification, this analysis is able to differentiate losses of well-established genes from pseudogenes formed shortly after segmental duplication or generated via retrotransposition. Therefore, it enables us to find genes that were inactivated long after their birth, which were likely to have evolved nonredundant biological functions before being inactivated. The method was used to look for gene losses along the human lineage during the approximately 75 million years (My) since the common ancestor of primates and rodents (the euarchontoglire crown group). We identified 26 losses of well-established genes in the human genome that were all lost at least 50 My after their birth. Many of them were previously characterized pseudogenes in the human genome, such as GULO and UOX. Our methodology is highly effective at identifying losses of single-copy genes of ancient origin, allowing us to find a few well-known pseudogenes in the human genome missed by previous high-throughput genome-wide studies. In addition to confirming previously known gene losses, we identified 16 previously uncharacterized human pseudogenes that are definitive losses of long-established genes. Among them is ACYL3, an ancient enzyme present in archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes, but lost approximately 6 to 8 Mya in the ancestor of humans and chimps. Although losses of well-established genes do not equate to adaptive gene losses, they are a useful proxy to use when searching for such genetic changes. This is especially true for adaptive losses that occurred more than 250,000 years ago, since any genetic evidence of the selective sweep indicative of such an event has been erased.
format	article
author	Jingchun Zhu J Zachary Sanborn Mark Diekhans Craig B Lowe Tom H Pringle David Haussler
author_facet	Jingchun Zhu J Zachary Sanborn Mark Diekhans Craig B Lowe Tom H Pringle David Haussler
author_sort	Jingchun Zhu
title	Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage.
title_short	Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage.
title_full	Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage.
title_fullStr	Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage.
title_full_unstemmed	Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage.
title_sort	comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2007
url	https://doaj.org/article/cfa9ec0326204710889b5fcf5e225899
work_keys_str_mv	AT jingchunzhu comparativegenomicssearchforlossesoflongestablishedgenesonthehumanlineage AT jzacharysanborn comparativegenomicssearchforlossesoflongestablishedgenesonthehumanlineage AT markdiekhans comparativegenomicssearchforlossesoflongestablishedgenesonthehumanlineage AT craigblowe comparativegenomicssearchforlossesoflongestablishedgenesonthehumanlineage AT tomhpringle comparativegenomicssearchforlossesoflongestablishedgenesonthehumanlineage AT davidhaussler comparativegenomicssearchforlossesoflongestablishedgenesonthehumanlineage
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Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage.

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