From Commensal to Pathogen: Translocation of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Enterococcus faecalis</named-content> from the Midgut to the Hemocoel of <italic toggle="yes">Manduca sexta</italic>

ABSTRACT A dynamic homeostasis is maintained between the host and native bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract in animals, but migration of bacteria from the gut to other organs can lead to disease or death. Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal of the gastrointestinal tract; however, Enterococcus s...

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Autores principales:	Katie L. Mason, Taylor A. Stepien, Jessamina E. Blum, Jonathan F. Holt, Normand H. Labbe, Jason S. Rush, Kenneth F. Raffa, Jo Handelsman
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2011
Materias:	Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cfd919fc17744ff881f379bc82af185d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cfd919fc17744ff881f379bc82af185d2021-11-15T15:38:49ZFrom Commensal to Pathogen: Translocation of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Enterococcus faecalis</named-content> from the Midgut to the Hemocoel of <italic toggle="yes">Manduca sexta</italic>10.1128/mBio.00065-112150-7511https://doaj.org/article/cfd919fc17744ff881f379bc82af185d2011-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00065-11https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT A dynamic homeostasis is maintained between the host and native bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract in animals, but migration of bacteria from the gut to other organs can lead to disease or death. Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal of the gastrointestinal tract; however, Enterococcus spp. are increasingly frequent causes of nosocomial infections with a high mortality rate. We investigated the commensal-to-pathogen switch undergone by E. faecalis OG1RF in the lepidopteran model host Manduca sexta associated with its location in the host. E. faecalis persists in the harsh midgut environment of M. sexta larvae without causing apparent illness, but injection of E. faecalis directly into the larval hemocoel is followed by rapid death. Additionally, oral ingestion of E. faecalis in the presence of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin, a pore-forming toxin that targets the midgut epithelium, induces an elevated mortality rate. We show that the loss of gut integrity due to B. thuringiensis toxin correlates with the translocation of E. faecalis from the gastrointestinal tract into the hemolymph. Upon gaining access to the hemolymph, E. faecalis induces an innate immune response, illustrated by hemocyte aggregation, in larvae prior to death. The degree of hemocyte aggregation is dependent upon the route of E. faecalis entry. Our data demonstrate the efficacy of the M. sexta larval model system in investigating E. faecalis-induced sepsis and clarifies controversies in the field regarding the events leading to larval death following B. thuringiensis toxin exposure. IMPORTANCE This study advances our knowledge of Enterococcus faecalis-induced sepsis following translocation from the gut and provides a model for mammalian diseases in which the spatial distribution of bacteria determines disease outcomes. We demonstrate that E. faecalis is a commensal in the gut of Manduca sexta and a pathogen in the hemocoel, resulting in a robust immune response and rapid death, a process we refer to as the “commensal-to-pathogen” switch. While controversy remains regarding Bacillus thuringiensis toxin-induced killing, our laboratory previously found that under some conditions, the midgut microbiota is essential for B. thuringiensis toxin killing of Lymantria dispar (N. A. Broderick, K. F. Raffa, and J. Handelsman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103:15196–15199, 2006; B. Raymond, et al., Environ. Microbiol. 11:2556–2563, 2009; P. R. Johnston, and N. Crickmore, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:5094–5099, 2009). We and others have demonstrated that the role of the midgut microbiota in B. thuringiensis toxin killing is dependent upon the lepidopteran species and formulation of B. thuringiensis toxin (N. A. Broderick, K. F. Raffa, and J. Handelsman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103:15196–15199, 2006; N. A. Broderick, et al., BMC Biol. 7:11, 2009). This work reconciles much of the apparently contradictory previous data and reveals that the M. sexta-E. faecalis system provides a model for mammalian sepsis.Katie L. MasonTaylor A. StepienJessamina E. BlumJonathan F. HoltNormand H. LabbeJason S. RushKenneth F. RaffaJo HandelsmanAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 2, Iss 3 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Microbiology QR1-502 Katie L. Mason Taylor A. Stepien Jessamina E. Blum Jonathan F. Holt Normand H. Labbe Jason S. Rush Kenneth F. Raffa Jo Handelsman From Commensal to Pathogen: Translocation of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Enterococcus faecalis</named-content> from the Midgut to the Hemocoel of <italic toggle="yes">Manduca sexta</italic>
description	ABSTRACT A dynamic homeostasis is maintained between the host and native bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract in animals, but migration of bacteria from the gut to other organs can lead to disease or death. Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal of the gastrointestinal tract; however, Enterococcus spp. are increasingly frequent causes of nosocomial infections with a high mortality rate. We investigated the commensal-to-pathogen switch undergone by E. faecalis OG1RF in the lepidopteran model host Manduca sexta associated with its location in the host. E. faecalis persists in the harsh midgut environment of M. sexta larvae without causing apparent illness, but injection of E. faecalis directly into the larval hemocoel is followed by rapid death. Additionally, oral ingestion of E. faecalis in the presence of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin, a pore-forming toxin that targets the midgut epithelium, induces an elevated mortality rate. We show that the loss of gut integrity due to B. thuringiensis toxin correlates with the translocation of E. faecalis from the gastrointestinal tract into the hemolymph. Upon gaining access to the hemolymph, E. faecalis induces an innate immune response, illustrated by hemocyte aggregation, in larvae prior to death. The degree of hemocyte aggregation is dependent upon the route of E. faecalis entry. Our data demonstrate the efficacy of the M. sexta larval model system in investigating E. faecalis-induced sepsis and clarifies controversies in the field regarding the events leading to larval death following B. thuringiensis toxin exposure. IMPORTANCE This study advances our knowledge of Enterococcus faecalis-induced sepsis following translocation from the gut and provides a model for mammalian diseases in which the spatial distribution of bacteria determines disease outcomes. We demonstrate that E. faecalis is a commensal in the gut of Manduca sexta and a pathogen in the hemocoel, resulting in a robust immune response and rapid death, a process we refer to as the “commensal-to-pathogen” switch. While controversy remains regarding Bacillus thuringiensis toxin-induced killing, our laboratory previously found that under some conditions, the midgut microbiota is essential for B. thuringiensis toxin killing of Lymantria dispar (N. A. Broderick, K. F. Raffa, and J. Handelsman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103:15196–15199, 2006; B. Raymond, et al., Environ. Microbiol. 11:2556–2563, 2009; P. R. Johnston, and N. Crickmore, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:5094–5099, 2009). We and others have demonstrated that the role of the midgut microbiota in B. thuringiensis toxin killing is dependent upon the lepidopteran species and formulation of B. thuringiensis toxin (N. A. Broderick, K. F. Raffa, and J. Handelsman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103:15196–15199, 2006; N. A. Broderick, et al., BMC Biol. 7:11, 2009). This work reconciles much of the apparently contradictory previous data and reveals that the M. sexta-E. faecalis system provides a model for mammalian sepsis.
format	article
author	Katie L. Mason Taylor A. Stepien Jessamina E. Blum Jonathan F. Holt Normand H. Labbe Jason S. Rush Kenneth F. Raffa Jo Handelsman
author_facet	Katie L. Mason Taylor A. Stepien Jessamina E. Blum Jonathan F. Holt Normand H. Labbe Jason S. Rush Kenneth F. Raffa Jo Handelsman
author_sort	Katie L. Mason
title	From Commensal to Pathogen: Translocation of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Enterococcus faecalis</named-content> from the Midgut to the Hemocoel of <italic toggle="yes">Manduca sexta</italic>
title_short	From Commensal to Pathogen: Translocation of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Enterococcus faecalis</named-content> from the Midgut to the Hemocoel of <italic toggle="yes">Manduca sexta</italic>
title_full	From Commensal to Pathogen: Translocation of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Enterococcus faecalis</named-content> from the Midgut to the Hemocoel of <italic toggle="yes">Manduca sexta</italic>
title_fullStr	From Commensal to Pathogen: Translocation of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Enterococcus faecalis</named-content> from the Midgut to the Hemocoel of <italic toggle="yes">Manduca sexta</italic>
title_full_unstemmed	From Commensal to Pathogen: Translocation of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Enterococcus faecalis</named-content> from the Midgut to the Hemocoel of <italic toggle="yes">Manduca sexta</italic>
title_sort	from commensal to pathogen: translocation of <named-content content-type="genus-species">enterococcus faecalis</named-content> from the midgut to the hemocoel of <italic toggle="yes">manduca sexta</italic>
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/cfd919fc17744ff881f379bc82af185d
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From Commensal to Pathogen: Translocation of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Enterococcus faecalis</named-content> from the Midgut to the Hemocoel of <italic toggle="yes">Manduca sexta</italic>

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