Enriched CO2 and Root-Associated Fungi (Mycorrhizae) Yield Inverse Effects on Plant Mass and Root Morphology in Six Asclepias Species

While milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) are important for sustaining biodiversity in marginal ecosystems, CO2 flux may afflict Asclepias species and cause detriment to native communities. Negative CO2-induced effects may be...

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Autores principales:	Rondy J. Malik, James D. Bever
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	CO<sub>2</sub> <i>Asclepias</i> mycorrhizae root morphology Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d00dd4f21aa4486b8665c395002e7f8e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d00dd4f21aa4486b8665c395002e7f8e2021-11-25T18:46:52ZEnriched CO<sub>2</sub> and Root-Associated Fungi (Mycorrhizae) Yield Inverse Effects on Plant Mass and Root Morphology in Six <i>Asclepias</i> Species10.3390/plants101124742223-7747https://doaj.org/article/d00dd4f21aa4486b8665c395002e7f8e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2474https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747While milkweeds (<i>Asclepias</i> spp.) are important for sustaining biodiversity in marginal ecosystems, CO<sub>2</sub> flux may afflict <i>Asclepias</i> species and cause detriment to native communities. Negative CO<sub>2</sub>-induced effects may be mitigated through mycorrhizal associations. In this study, we sought to determine how mycorrhizae interacts with CO<sub>2</sub> to influence <i>Asclepias</i> biomass and root morphology. A broad range of <i>Asclepias</i> species (n = 6) were chosen for this study, including four tap-root species (<i>A. sullivantii, A. syriaca</i>, <i>A. tuberosa</i>, and <i>A. viridis</i>) and two fibrous root species (<i>A. incarnata</i> and <i>A. verticillata</i>). Collectively, the six <i>Asclepias</i> species were manipulated under a 2 × 2 full-factorial design that featured two mycorrhizal levels (−/+ mycorrhizae) and two CO<sub>2</sub> levels (ambient and enriched (i.e., 3.5× ambient)). After a duration of 10 months, <i>Asclepias</i> responses were assessed as whole dry weight (i.e., biomass) and relative transportive root. Relative transportive root is the percent difference in the diameter of highest order root (transportive root) versus that of first-order absorptive roots. Results revealed an asymmetrical response, as mycorrhizae increased <i>Asclepias</i> biomass by ~12-fold, while enriched CO<sub>2</sub> decreased biomass by about 25%. CO<sub>2</sub> did not impact relative transportive roots, but mycorrhizae increased root organ’s response by more than 20%. Interactions with CO<sub>2</sub> and mycorrhizae were observed for both biomass and root morphology (i.e., relative transportive root). A gene associated with CO<sub>2</sub> fixation (<i>rbcL</i>) revealed that the two fibrous root species formed a phylogenetic clade that was distant from the four tap-root species. The effect of mycorrhizae was most profound in tap-root systems, as mycorrhizae modified the highest order root into tuber-like structures. A strong positive correlation was observed with biomass and relative transportive root. This study elucidates the interplay with roots, mycorrhizae, and CO<sub>2</sub>, while providing a potential pathway for mycorrhizae to ameliorate CO<sub>2</sub> induced effects.Rondy J. MalikJames D. BeverMDPI AGarticleCO<sub>2</sub><i>Asclepias</i>mycorrhizaeroot morphologyBotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2474, p 2474 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	CO<sub>2</sub> <i>Asclepias</i> mycorrhizae root morphology Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	CO<sub>2</sub> <i>Asclepias</i> mycorrhizae root morphology Botany QK1-989 Rondy J. Malik James D. Bever Enriched CO<sub>2</sub> and Root-Associated Fungi (Mycorrhizae) Yield Inverse Effects on Plant Mass and Root Morphology in Six <i>Asclepias</i> Species
description	While milkweeds (<i>Asclepias</i> spp.) are important for sustaining biodiversity in marginal ecosystems, CO<sub>2</sub> flux may afflict <i>Asclepias</i> species and cause detriment to native communities. Negative CO<sub>2</sub>-induced effects may be mitigated through mycorrhizal associations. In this study, we sought to determine how mycorrhizae interacts with CO<sub>2</sub> to influence <i>Asclepias</i> biomass and root morphology. A broad range of <i>Asclepias</i> species (n = 6) were chosen for this study, including four tap-root species (<i>A. sullivantii, A. syriaca</i>, <i>A. tuberosa</i>, and <i>A. viridis</i>) and two fibrous root species (<i>A. incarnata</i> and <i>A. verticillata</i>). Collectively, the six <i>Asclepias</i> species were manipulated under a 2 × 2 full-factorial design that featured two mycorrhizal levels (−/+ mycorrhizae) and two CO<sub>2</sub> levels (ambient and enriched (i.e., 3.5× ambient)). After a duration of 10 months, <i>Asclepias</i> responses were assessed as whole dry weight (i.e., biomass) and relative transportive root. Relative transportive root is the percent difference in the diameter of highest order root (transportive root) versus that of first-order absorptive roots. Results revealed an asymmetrical response, as mycorrhizae increased <i>Asclepias</i> biomass by ~12-fold, while enriched CO<sub>2</sub> decreased biomass by about 25%. CO<sub>2</sub> did not impact relative transportive roots, but mycorrhizae increased root organ’s response by more than 20%. Interactions with CO<sub>2</sub> and mycorrhizae were observed for both biomass and root morphology (i.e., relative transportive root). A gene associated with CO<sub>2</sub> fixation (<i>rbcL</i>) revealed that the two fibrous root species formed a phylogenetic clade that was distant from the four tap-root species. The effect of mycorrhizae was most profound in tap-root systems, as mycorrhizae modified the highest order root into tuber-like structures. A strong positive correlation was observed with biomass and relative transportive root. This study elucidates the interplay with roots, mycorrhizae, and CO<sub>2</sub>, while providing a potential pathway for mycorrhizae to ameliorate CO<sub>2</sub> induced effects.
format	article
author	Rondy J. Malik James D. Bever
author_facet	Rondy J. Malik James D. Bever
author_sort	Rondy J. Malik
title	Enriched CO<sub>2</sub> and Root-Associated Fungi (Mycorrhizae) Yield Inverse Effects on Plant Mass and Root Morphology in Six <i>Asclepias</i> Species
title_short	Enriched CO<sub>2</sub> and Root-Associated Fungi (Mycorrhizae) Yield Inverse Effects on Plant Mass and Root Morphology in Six <i>Asclepias</i> Species
title_full	Enriched CO<sub>2</sub> and Root-Associated Fungi (Mycorrhizae) Yield Inverse Effects on Plant Mass and Root Morphology in Six <i>Asclepias</i> Species
title_fullStr	Enriched CO<sub>2</sub> and Root-Associated Fungi (Mycorrhizae) Yield Inverse Effects on Plant Mass and Root Morphology in Six <i>Asclepias</i> Species
title_full_unstemmed	Enriched CO<sub>2</sub> and Root-Associated Fungi (Mycorrhizae) Yield Inverse Effects on Plant Mass and Root Morphology in Six <i>Asclepias</i> Species
title_sort	enriched co<sub>2</sub> and root-associated fungi (mycorrhizae) yield inverse effects on plant mass and root morphology in six <i>asclepias</i> species
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d00dd4f21aa4486b8665c395002e7f8e
work_keys_str_mv	AT rondyjmalik enrichedcosub2subandrootassociatedfungimycorrhizaeyieldinverseeffectsonplantmassandrootmorphologyinsixiasclepiasispecies AT jamesdbever enrichedcosub2subandrootassociatedfungimycorrhizaeyieldinverseeffectsonplantmassandrootmorphologyinsixiasclepiasispecies
_version_	1718410741100314624

Enriched CO<sub>2</sub> and Root-Associated Fungi (Mycorrhizae) Yield Inverse Effects on Plant Mass and Root Morphology in Six <i>Asclepias</i> Species

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