Climate and ecology in the Rocky Mountain interior after the early Eocene Climatic Optimum
<p>As atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>) and temperatures increase with modern climate change, ancient hothouse periods become a focal point for understanding ecosystem function under similar conditions. The early E...
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Copernicus Publications
2021
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Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Environmental protection TD169-171.8 Environmental sciences GE1-350 |
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Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Environmental protection TD169-171.8 Environmental sciences GE1-350 R. A. Stein R. A. Stein N. D. Sheldon S. E. Allen M. E. Smith R. M. Dzombak B. R. Jicha Climate and ecology in the Rocky Mountain interior after the early Eocene Climatic Optimum |
| description |
<p>As atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>) and temperatures
increase with modern climate change, ancient hothouse periods become a focal
point for understanding ecosystem function under similar conditions. The
early Eocene exhibited high temperatures, high CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> levels, and similar
tectonic plate configuration as today, so it has been invoked as an analog
to modern climate change. During the early Eocene, the greater Green River
Basin (GGRB) of southwestern Wyoming was covered by an ancient hypersaline lake
(Lake Gosiute; Green River Formation) and associated fluvial and floodplain
systems (Wasatch and Bridger formations). The volcaniclastic Bridger
Formation was deposited by an inland delta that drained from the northwest
into freshwater Lake Gosiute and is known for its vast paleontological
assemblages. Using this well-preserved basin deposited during a period of
tectonic and paleoclimatic interest, we employ multiple proxies to study
trends in provenance, parent material, weathering, and climate throughout
1 million years. The Blue Rim escarpment exposes approximately 100 m of
the lower Bridger Formation, which includes plant and mammal fossils,
solitary paleosol profiles, and organic remains suitable for geochemical
analyses, as well as ash beds and volcaniclastic sandstone beds suitable for
radioisotopic dating. New <span class="inline-formula"><sup>40</sup></span>Ar <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mo>/</mo></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="57ee8123d9c9aefcf23d9c7f6463c158"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="cp-17-2515-2021-ie00001.svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" src="cp-17-2515-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>39</sup></span>Ar ages from the middle and top
of the Blue Rim escarpment constrain the age of its strata to <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 49.5–48.5 Myr ago during the “falling limb” of the early Eocene Climatic
Optimum. We used several geochemical tools to study provenance and parent
material in both the paleosols and the associated sediments and found no
change in sediment input source despite significant variation in sedimentary
facies and organic carbon burial. We also reconstructed environmental
conditions, including temperature, precipitation (both from paleosols), and the
isotopic composition of atmospheric CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> from plants found in the floral
assemblages. Results from paleosol-based reconstructions were compared to
semi-co-temporal reconstructions made using leaf physiognomic techniques and
marine proxies. The paleosol-based reconstructions (near the base of the
section) of precipitation (608–1167 mm yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>) and temperature (10.4 to
12.0 <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C) were within error of, although lower than, those based
on floral assemblages, which were stratigraphically higher in the section
and represented a highly preserved event later in time. Geochemistry and
detrital feldspar geochronology indicate a consistent provenance for Blue
Rim sediments, sourcing predominantly from the Idaho paleoriver, which
drained the active Challis volcanic field. Thus, because there was neither
significant climatic change nor significant provenance change, variation in
sedimentary facies and organic carbon burial likely reflected localized
geomorphic controls and the relative height of the water table. The
ecosystem can be characterized as a wet, subtropical-like forest (i.e.,
paratropical) throughout the interval based upon the floral humidity
province and Holdridge life zone schemes. Given the mid-paleolatitude
position of the Blue Rim escarpment, those results are consistent with
marine proxies that indicate that globally warm climatic<span id="page2516"/> conditions
continued beyond the peak warm conditions of the early Eocene Climatic
Optimum. The reconstructed atmospheric <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i><sup>13</sup></span>C value (<span class="inline-formula">−</span>5.3 ‰ to
<span class="inline-formula">−</span>5.8 ‰) closely matches the independently
reconstructed value from marine microfossils (<span class="inline-formula">−</span>5.4 ‰),
which provides confidence in this reconstruction. Likewise, the isotopic
composition reconstructed matches the mantle most closely
(<span class="inline-formula">−</span>5.4 ‰), agreeing with other postulations that
warming was maintained by volcanic outgassing rather than a much more
isotopically depleted source, such as methane hydrates.</p> |
| format |
article |
| author |
R. A. Stein R. A. Stein N. D. Sheldon S. E. Allen M. E. Smith R. M. Dzombak B. R. Jicha |
| author_facet |
R. A. Stein R. A. Stein N. D. Sheldon S. E. Allen M. E. Smith R. M. Dzombak B. R. Jicha |
| author_sort |
R. A. Stein |
| title |
Climate and ecology in the Rocky Mountain interior after the early Eocene Climatic Optimum |
| title_short |
Climate and ecology in the Rocky Mountain interior after the early Eocene Climatic Optimum |
| title_full |
Climate and ecology in the Rocky Mountain interior after the early Eocene Climatic Optimum |
| title_fullStr |
Climate and ecology in the Rocky Mountain interior after the early Eocene Climatic Optimum |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Climate and ecology in the Rocky Mountain interior after the early Eocene Climatic Optimum |
| title_sort |
climate and ecology in the rocky mountain interior after the early eocene climatic optimum |
| publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/d07878b3fb014b49833f408c9ed73a9b |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT rastein climateandecologyintherockymountaininterioraftertheearlyeoceneclimaticoptimum AT rastein climateandecologyintherockymountaininterioraftertheearlyeoceneclimaticoptimum AT ndsheldon climateandecologyintherockymountaininterioraftertheearlyeoceneclimaticoptimum AT seallen climateandecologyintherockymountaininterioraftertheearlyeoceneclimaticoptimum AT mesmith climateandecologyintherockymountaininterioraftertheearlyeoceneclimaticoptimum AT rmdzombak climateandecologyintherockymountaininterioraftertheearlyeoceneclimaticoptimum AT brjicha climateandecologyintherockymountaininterioraftertheearlyeoceneclimaticoptimum |
| _version_ |
1718373297662459904 |
| spelling |
oai:doaj.org-article:d07878b3fb014b49833f408c9ed73a9b2021-12-03T11:50:12ZClimate and ecology in the Rocky Mountain interior after the early Eocene Climatic Optimum10.5194/cp-17-2515-20211814-93241814-9332https://doaj.org/article/d07878b3fb014b49833f408c9ed73a9b2021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://cp.copernicus.org/articles/17/2515/2021/cp-17-2515-2021.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/1814-9324https://doaj.org/toc/1814-9332<p>As atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>) and temperatures increase with modern climate change, ancient hothouse periods become a focal point for understanding ecosystem function under similar conditions. The early Eocene exhibited high temperatures, high CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> levels, and similar tectonic plate configuration as today, so it has been invoked as an analog to modern climate change. During the early Eocene, the greater Green River Basin (GGRB) of southwestern Wyoming was covered by an ancient hypersaline lake (Lake Gosiute; Green River Formation) and associated fluvial and floodplain systems (Wasatch and Bridger formations). The volcaniclastic Bridger Formation was deposited by an inland delta that drained from the northwest into freshwater Lake Gosiute and is known for its vast paleontological assemblages. Using this well-preserved basin deposited during a period of tectonic and paleoclimatic interest, we employ multiple proxies to study trends in provenance, parent material, weathering, and climate throughout 1 million years. The Blue Rim escarpment exposes approximately 100 m of the lower Bridger Formation, which includes plant and mammal fossils, solitary paleosol profiles, and organic remains suitable for geochemical analyses, as well as ash beds and volcaniclastic sandstone beds suitable for radioisotopic dating. New <span class="inline-formula"><sup>40</sup></span>Ar <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mo>/</mo></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="57ee8123d9c9aefcf23d9c7f6463c158"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="cp-17-2515-2021-ie00001.svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" src="cp-17-2515-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>39</sup></span>Ar ages from the middle and top of the Blue Rim escarpment constrain the age of its strata to <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 49.5–48.5 Myr ago during the “falling limb” of the early Eocene Climatic Optimum. We used several geochemical tools to study provenance and parent material in both the paleosols and the associated sediments and found no change in sediment input source despite significant variation in sedimentary facies and organic carbon burial. We also reconstructed environmental conditions, including temperature, precipitation (both from paleosols), and the isotopic composition of atmospheric CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> from plants found in the floral assemblages. Results from paleosol-based reconstructions were compared to semi-co-temporal reconstructions made using leaf physiognomic techniques and marine proxies. The paleosol-based reconstructions (near the base of the section) of precipitation (608–1167 mm yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>) and temperature (10.4 to 12.0 <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C) were within error of, although lower than, those based on floral assemblages, which were stratigraphically higher in the section and represented a highly preserved event later in time. Geochemistry and detrital feldspar geochronology indicate a consistent provenance for Blue Rim sediments, sourcing predominantly from the Idaho paleoriver, which drained the active Challis volcanic field. Thus, because there was neither significant climatic change nor significant provenance change, variation in sedimentary facies and organic carbon burial likely reflected localized geomorphic controls and the relative height of the water table. The ecosystem can be characterized as a wet, subtropical-like forest (i.e., paratropical) throughout the interval based upon the floral humidity province and Holdridge life zone schemes. Given the mid-paleolatitude position of the Blue Rim escarpment, those results are consistent with marine proxies that indicate that globally warm climatic<span id="page2516"/> conditions continued beyond the peak warm conditions of the early Eocene Climatic Optimum. The reconstructed atmospheric <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i><sup>13</sup></span>C value (<span class="inline-formula">−</span>5.3 ‰ to <span class="inline-formula">−</span>5.8 ‰) closely matches the independently reconstructed value from marine microfossils (<span class="inline-formula">−</span>5.4 ‰), which provides confidence in this reconstruction. Likewise, the isotopic composition reconstructed matches the mantle most closely (<span class="inline-formula">−</span>5.4 ‰), agreeing with other postulations that warming was maintained by volcanic outgassing rather than a much more isotopically depleted source, such as methane hydrates.</p>R. A. SteinR. A. SteinN. D. SheldonS. E. AllenM. E. SmithR. M. DzombakB. R. JichaCopernicus PublicationsarticleEnvironmental pollutionTD172-193.5Environmental protectionTD169-171.8Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENClimate of the Past, Vol 17, Pp 2515-2536 (2021) |