Contamination of groundwater systems in the US and Canada by enteric pathogens, 1990-2013: a review and pooled-analysis.

<h4>Background</h4>Up to 150 million North Americans currently use a groundwater system as their principal drinking water source. These systems are a potential source of exposure to enteric pathogens, contributing to the burden of waterborne disease. Waterborne disease outbreaks have bee...

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Autores principales:	Paul Dylan Hynds, M Kate Thomas, Katarina Dorothy Milena Pintar
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d094e4d4eecd4d4caddf94aa1bc35468
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d094e4d4eecd4d4caddf94aa1bc354682021-11-18T08:20:16ZContamination of groundwater systems in the US and Canada by enteric pathogens, 1990-2013: a review and pooled-analysis.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0093301https://doaj.org/article/d094e4d4eecd4d4caddf94aa1bc354682014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24806545/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Up to 150 million North Americans currently use a groundwater system as their principal drinking water source. These systems are a potential source of exposure to enteric pathogens, contributing to the burden of waterborne disease. Waterborne disease outbreaks have been associated with US and Canadian groundwater systems over the past two decades. However, to date, this literature has not been reviewed in a comprehensive manner.<h4>Methods and principal findings</h4>A combined review and pooled-analysis approach was used to investigate groundwater contamination in Canada and the US from 1990 to 2013; fifty-five studies met eligibility criteria. Four study types were identified. It was found that study location affects study design, sample rate and studied pathogen category. Approximately 15% (316/2210) of samples from Canadian and US groundwater sources were positive for enteric pathogens, with no difference observed based on system type. Knowledge gaps exist, particularly in exposure assessment for attributing disease to groundwater supplies. Furthermore, there is a lack of consistency in risk factor reporting (local hydrogeology, well type, well use, etc). The widespread use of fecal indicator organisms in reported studies does not inform the assessment of human health risks associated with groundwater supplies.<h4>Conclusions</h4>This review illustrates how groundwater study design and location are critical for subsequent data interpretation and use. Knowledge gaps exist related to data on bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogen prevalence in Canadian and US groundwater systems, as well as a need for standardized approaches for reporting study design and results. Fecal indicators are examined as a surrogate for health risk assessments; caution is advised in their widespread use. Study findings may be useful during suspected waterborne outbreaks linked with a groundwater supply to identify the likely etiological agent and potential transport pathway.Paul Dylan HyndsM Kate ThomasKatarina Dorothy Milena PintarPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 5, p e93301 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Paul Dylan Hynds M Kate Thomas Katarina Dorothy Milena Pintar Contamination of groundwater systems in the US and Canada by enteric pathogens, 1990-2013: a review and pooled-analysis.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Up to 150 million North Americans currently use a groundwater system as their principal drinking water source. These systems are a potential source of exposure to enteric pathogens, contributing to the burden of waterborne disease. Waterborne disease outbreaks have been associated with US and Canadian groundwater systems over the past two decades. However, to date, this literature has not been reviewed in a comprehensive manner.<h4>Methods and principal findings</h4>A combined review and pooled-analysis approach was used to investigate groundwater contamination in Canada and the US from 1990 to 2013; fifty-five studies met eligibility criteria. Four study types were identified. It was found that study location affects study design, sample rate and studied pathogen category. Approximately 15% (316/2210) of samples from Canadian and US groundwater sources were positive for enteric pathogens, with no difference observed based on system type. Knowledge gaps exist, particularly in exposure assessment for attributing disease to groundwater supplies. Furthermore, there is a lack of consistency in risk factor reporting (local hydrogeology, well type, well use, etc). The widespread use of fecal indicator organisms in reported studies does not inform the assessment of human health risks associated with groundwater supplies.<h4>Conclusions</h4>This review illustrates how groundwater study design and location are critical for subsequent data interpretation and use. Knowledge gaps exist related to data on bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogen prevalence in Canadian and US groundwater systems, as well as a need for standardized approaches for reporting study design and results. Fecal indicators are examined as a surrogate for health risk assessments; caution is advised in their widespread use. Study findings may be useful during suspected waterborne outbreaks linked with a groundwater supply to identify the likely etiological agent and potential transport pathway.
format	article
author	Paul Dylan Hynds M Kate Thomas Katarina Dorothy Milena Pintar
author_facet	Paul Dylan Hynds M Kate Thomas Katarina Dorothy Milena Pintar
author_sort	Paul Dylan Hynds
title	Contamination of groundwater systems in the US and Canada by enteric pathogens, 1990-2013: a review and pooled-analysis.
title_short	Contamination of groundwater systems in the US and Canada by enteric pathogens, 1990-2013: a review and pooled-analysis.
title_full	Contamination of groundwater systems in the US and Canada by enteric pathogens, 1990-2013: a review and pooled-analysis.
title_fullStr	Contamination of groundwater systems in the US and Canada by enteric pathogens, 1990-2013: a review and pooled-analysis.
title_full_unstemmed	Contamination of groundwater systems in the US and Canada by enteric pathogens, 1990-2013: a review and pooled-analysis.
title_sort	contamination of groundwater systems in the us and canada by enteric pathogens, 1990-2013: a review and pooled-analysis.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/d094e4d4eecd4d4caddf94aa1bc35468
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Contamination of groundwater systems in the US and Canada by enteric pathogens, 1990-2013: a review and pooled-analysis.

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