Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells

E-cigarettes utilize a wide range of flavoring chemicals with respiratory health effects that are not well understood. In this study, we used pulmonary-associated cell lines to assess the in vitro cytotoxic effects of 30 flavoring chemicals. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and both naïve...

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Autores principales:	Anna M. Morris, Stephen S. Leonard, Jefferson R. Fowles, Theresa E. Boots, Anna Mnatsakanova, Kathleen R. Attfield
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	electronic cigarettes e-cigarettes flavorings toxicity airway epithelium macrophages Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d097265eefc5455188b481ce7408a13f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d097265eefc5455188b481ce7408a13f2021-11-11T16:15:36ZEffects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells10.3390/ijerph1821111071660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/d097265eefc5455188b481ce7408a13f2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11107https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601E-cigarettes utilize a wide range of flavoring chemicals with respiratory health effects that are not well understood. In this study, we used pulmonary-associated cell lines to assess the in vitro cytotoxic effects of 30 flavoring chemicals. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and both naïve and activated macrophages (THP-1) were treated with 10, 100, and 1000 µM of flavoring chemicals and analyzed for changes in viability, cell membrane damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammatory cytokine release. Viability was unaffected for all chemicals at the 10 and 100 µM concentrations. At 1000 µM, the greatest reductions in viability were seen with decanal, hexanal, nonanal, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, vanillin, alpha-pinene, and limonene. High amounts of ROS were elicited by vanillin, ethyl maltol, and the diketones (2,3-pentanedione, 2,3-heptanedione, and 2,3-hexanedione) from both cell lines. Naïve THP-1 cells produced significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α when exposed to ethyl maltol and hexanal. Activated THP-1 cells released increased IL-1β and TNF-α when exposed to ethyl maltol, but many flavoring chemicals had an apparent suppressive effect on inflammatory cytokines released by activated macrophages, some with varying degrees of accompanying cytotoxicity. The diketones, L-carvone, and linalool suppressed cytokine release in the absence of cytotoxicity. These findings provide insight into lung cell cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine release in response to flavorings commonly used in e-cigarettes.Anna M. MorrisStephen S. LeonardJefferson R. FowlesTheresa E. BootsAnna MnatsakanovaKathleen R. AttfieldMDPI AGarticleelectronic cigarettese-cigarettesflavoringstoxicityairway epitheliummacrophagesMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11107, p 11107 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	electronic cigarettes e-cigarettes flavorings toxicity airway epithelium macrophages Medicine R
spellingShingle	electronic cigarettes e-cigarettes flavorings toxicity airway epithelium macrophages Medicine R Anna M. Morris Stephen S. Leonard Jefferson R. Fowles Theresa E. Boots Anna Mnatsakanova Kathleen R. Attfield Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells
description	E-cigarettes utilize a wide range of flavoring chemicals with respiratory health effects that are not well understood. In this study, we used pulmonary-associated cell lines to assess the in vitro cytotoxic effects of 30 flavoring chemicals. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and both naïve and activated macrophages (THP-1) were treated with 10, 100, and 1000 µM of flavoring chemicals and analyzed for changes in viability, cell membrane damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammatory cytokine release. Viability was unaffected for all chemicals at the 10 and 100 µM concentrations. At 1000 µM, the greatest reductions in viability were seen with decanal, hexanal, nonanal, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, vanillin, alpha-pinene, and limonene. High amounts of ROS were elicited by vanillin, ethyl maltol, and the diketones (2,3-pentanedione, 2,3-heptanedione, and 2,3-hexanedione) from both cell lines. Naïve THP-1 cells produced significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α when exposed to ethyl maltol and hexanal. Activated THP-1 cells released increased IL-1β and TNF-α when exposed to ethyl maltol, but many flavoring chemicals had an apparent suppressive effect on inflammatory cytokines released by activated macrophages, some with varying degrees of accompanying cytotoxicity. The diketones, L-carvone, and linalool suppressed cytokine release in the absence of cytotoxicity. These findings provide insight into lung cell cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine release in response to flavorings commonly used in e-cigarettes.
format	article
author	Anna M. Morris Stephen S. Leonard Jefferson R. Fowles Theresa E. Boots Anna Mnatsakanova Kathleen R. Attfield
author_facet	Anna M. Morris Stephen S. Leonard Jefferson R. Fowles Theresa E. Boots Anna Mnatsakanova Kathleen R. Attfield
author_sort	Anna M. Morris
title	Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells
title_short	Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells
title_full	Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells
title_fullStr	Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells
title_sort	effects of e-cigarette flavoring chemicals on human macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d097265eefc5455188b481ce7408a13f
work_keys_str_mv	AT annammorris effectsofecigaretteflavoringchemicalsonhumanmacrophagesandbronchialepithelialcells AT stephensleonard effectsofecigaretteflavoringchemicalsonhumanmacrophagesandbronchialepithelialcells AT jeffersonrfowles effectsofecigaretteflavoringchemicalsonhumanmacrophagesandbronchialepithelialcells AT theresaeboots effectsofecigaretteflavoringchemicalsonhumanmacrophagesandbronchialepithelialcells AT annamnatsakanova effectsofecigaretteflavoringchemicalsonhumanmacrophagesandbronchialepithelialcells AT kathleenrattfield effectsofecigaretteflavoringchemicalsonhumanmacrophagesandbronchialepithelialcells
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Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells

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