Going Up Inflame: Reviewing the Underexplored Role of Inflammatory Programming in Stress-Induced Intrauterine Growth Restricted Livestock

The impact of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) on health in humans is well-recognized. It is the second leading cause of perinatal mortality worldwide, and it is associated with deficits in metabolism and muscle growth that increase lifelong risk for hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and...

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Autores principales:	Zena M. Hicks, Dustin T. Yates
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	adaptive fetal programming developmental origins of health and disease DOHAD fetal growth restriction intrauterine growth restriction IUGR Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d0c3e58406544e7cb11e5345ef200a93
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d0c3e58406544e7cb11e5345ef200a932021-11-04T06:23:19ZGoing Up Inflame: Reviewing the Underexplored Role of Inflammatory Programming in Stress-Induced Intrauterine Growth Restricted Livestock2673-622510.3389/fanim.2021.761421https://doaj.org/article/d0c3e58406544e7cb11e5345ef200a932021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2021.761421/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2673-6225The impact of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) on health in humans is well-recognized. It is the second leading cause of perinatal mortality worldwide, and it is associated with deficits in metabolism and muscle growth that increase lifelong risk for hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. Comparatively, the barrier that IUGR imposes on livestock production is less recognized by the industry. Meat animals born with low birthweight due to IUGR are beset with greater early death loss, inefficient growth, and reduced carcass merit. These animals exhibit poor feed-to-gain ratios, less lean mass, and greater fat deposition, which increase production costs and decrease value. Ultimately, this reduces the amount of meat produced by each animal and threatens the economic sustainability of livestock industries. Intrauterine growth restriction is most commonly the result of fetal programming responses to placental insufficiency, but the exact mechanisms by which this occurs are not well-understood. In uncompromised pregnancies, inflammatory cytokines are produced at modest rates by placental and fetal tissues and play an important role in fetal development. However, unfavorable intrauterine conditions can cause cytokine activity to be excessive during critical windows of fetal development. Our recent evidence indicates that this impacts developmental programming of muscle growth and metabolism and contributes to the IUGR phenotype. In this review, we outline the role of inflammatory cytokine activity in the development of normal and IUGR phenotypes. We also highlight the contributions of sheep and other animal models in identifying mechanisms for IUGR pathologies.Zena M. HicksDustin T. YatesFrontiers Media S.A.articleadaptive fetal programmingdevelopmental origins of health and diseaseDOHADfetal growth restrictionintrauterine growth restrictionIUGRVeterinary medicineSF600-1100ENFrontiers in Animal Science, Vol 2 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	adaptive fetal programming developmental origins of health and disease DOHAD fetal growth restriction intrauterine growth restriction IUGR Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
spellingShingle	adaptive fetal programming developmental origins of health and disease DOHAD fetal growth restriction intrauterine growth restriction IUGR Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zena M. Hicks Dustin T. Yates Going Up Inflame: Reviewing the Underexplored Role of Inflammatory Programming in Stress-Induced Intrauterine Growth Restricted Livestock
description	The impact of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) on health in humans is well-recognized. It is the second leading cause of perinatal mortality worldwide, and it is associated with deficits in metabolism and muscle growth that increase lifelong risk for hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. Comparatively, the barrier that IUGR imposes on livestock production is less recognized by the industry. Meat animals born with low birthweight due to IUGR are beset with greater early death loss, inefficient growth, and reduced carcass merit. These animals exhibit poor feed-to-gain ratios, less lean mass, and greater fat deposition, which increase production costs and decrease value. Ultimately, this reduces the amount of meat produced by each animal and threatens the economic sustainability of livestock industries. Intrauterine growth restriction is most commonly the result of fetal programming responses to placental insufficiency, but the exact mechanisms by which this occurs are not well-understood. In uncompromised pregnancies, inflammatory cytokines are produced at modest rates by placental and fetal tissues and play an important role in fetal development. However, unfavorable intrauterine conditions can cause cytokine activity to be excessive during critical windows of fetal development. Our recent evidence indicates that this impacts developmental programming of muscle growth and metabolism and contributes to the IUGR phenotype. In this review, we outline the role of inflammatory cytokine activity in the development of normal and IUGR phenotypes. We also highlight the contributions of sheep and other animal models in identifying mechanisms for IUGR pathologies.
format	article
author	Zena M. Hicks Dustin T. Yates
author_facet	Zena M. Hicks Dustin T. Yates
author_sort	Zena M. Hicks
title	Going Up Inflame: Reviewing the Underexplored Role of Inflammatory Programming in Stress-Induced Intrauterine Growth Restricted Livestock
title_short	Going Up Inflame: Reviewing the Underexplored Role of Inflammatory Programming in Stress-Induced Intrauterine Growth Restricted Livestock
title_full	Going Up Inflame: Reviewing the Underexplored Role of Inflammatory Programming in Stress-Induced Intrauterine Growth Restricted Livestock
title_fullStr	Going Up Inflame: Reviewing the Underexplored Role of Inflammatory Programming in Stress-Induced Intrauterine Growth Restricted Livestock
title_full_unstemmed	Going Up Inflame: Reviewing the Underexplored Role of Inflammatory Programming in Stress-Induced Intrauterine Growth Restricted Livestock
title_sort	going up inflame: reviewing the underexplored role of inflammatory programming in stress-induced intrauterine growth restricted livestock
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d0c3e58406544e7cb11e5345ef200a93
work_keys_str_mv	AT zenamhicks goingupinflamereviewingtheunderexploredroleofinflammatoryprogramminginstressinducedintrauterinegrowthrestrictedlivestock AT dustintyates goingupinflamereviewingtheunderexploredroleofinflammatoryprogramminginstressinducedintrauterinegrowthrestrictedlivestock
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Going Up Inflame: Reviewing the Underexplored Role of Inflammatory Programming in Stress-Induced Intrauterine Growth Restricted Livestock

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