American martens use vigilance and short-term avoidance to navigate a landscape of fear from fishers at artificial scavenging sites

Abstract Where two sympatric species compete for the same resource and one species is dominant, there is potential for the subordinate species to be affected through interference competition or energetic costs of avoiding predation. Fishers (Pekania pennanti) and American martens (Martes americana)...

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Autores principales:	Todd M. Kautz, Dean E. Beyer, Zachary Farley, Nicholas L. Fowler, Kenneth F. Kellner, Ashley L. Lutto, Tyler R. Petroelje, Jerrold L. Belant
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d11cfec98f324300b10e7548783d5b02
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d11cfec98f324300b10e7548783d5b022021-12-02T17:47:35ZAmerican martens use vigilance and short-term avoidance to navigate a landscape of fear from fishers at artificial scavenging sites10.1038/s41598-021-91587-42045-2322https://doaj.org/article/d11cfec98f324300b10e7548783d5b022021-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91587-4https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Where two sympatric species compete for the same resource and one species is dominant, there is potential for the subordinate species to be affected through interference competition or energetic costs of avoiding predation. Fishers (Pekania pennanti) and American martens (Martes americana) often have high niche overlap, but fishers are considered dominant and potentially limiting to martens. We observed presence and vigilance of fishers and martens at winter carcass sites using remote cameras in Michigan, USA, to test the hypothesis that interference competition from fishers creates a landscape of fear for martens. Within winters, fishers co-occupied 78–88% of sites occupied by martens, and martens co-occupied 79–88% of sites occupied by fishers. Fishers displaced martens from carcasses during 21 of 6117 marten visits, while martens displaced fishers during 0 of 1359 fisher visits. Martens did not alter diel activity in response to fisher use of sites. Martens allocated 37% of time to vigilance compared to 23% for fishers, and martens increased vigilance up to 8% at sites previously visited by fishers. Fishers increased vigilance by up to 8% at sites previously visited by martens. Our results indicate that fishers were dominant over martens, and martens had greater baseline perception of risk than fishers. However, fishers appeared to be also affected as the dominant competitor by putting effort into scanning for martens. Both species appeared widespread and common in our study area, but there was no evidence that fishers spatially or temporally excluded martens from scavenging at carcasses other than occasional short-term displacement when a fisher was present. Instead, martens appeared to mitigate risk from fishers by using vigilance and short-term avoidance. Multiple short-term anti-predator behaviors within a landscape of fear may facilitate coexistence among carnivore species.Todd M. KautzDean E. BeyerZachary FarleyNicholas L. FowlerKenneth F. KellnerAshley L. LuttoTyler R. PetroeljeJerrold L. BelantNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Todd M. Kautz Dean E. Beyer Zachary Farley Nicholas L. Fowler Kenneth F. Kellner Ashley L. Lutto Tyler R. Petroelje Jerrold L. Belant American martens use vigilance and short-term avoidance to navigate a landscape of fear from fishers at artificial scavenging sites
description	Abstract Where two sympatric species compete for the same resource and one species is dominant, there is potential for the subordinate species to be affected through interference competition or energetic costs of avoiding predation. Fishers (Pekania pennanti) and American martens (Martes americana) often have high niche overlap, but fishers are considered dominant and potentially limiting to martens. We observed presence and vigilance of fishers and martens at winter carcass sites using remote cameras in Michigan, USA, to test the hypothesis that interference competition from fishers creates a landscape of fear for martens. Within winters, fishers co-occupied 78–88% of sites occupied by martens, and martens co-occupied 79–88% of sites occupied by fishers. Fishers displaced martens from carcasses during 21 of 6117 marten visits, while martens displaced fishers during 0 of 1359 fisher visits. Martens did not alter diel activity in response to fisher use of sites. Martens allocated 37% of time to vigilance compared to 23% for fishers, and martens increased vigilance up to 8% at sites previously visited by fishers. Fishers increased vigilance by up to 8% at sites previously visited by martens. Our results indicate that fishers were dominant over martens, and martens had greater baseline perception of risk than fishers. However, fishers appeared to be also affected as the dominant competitor by putting effort into scanning for martens. Both species appeared widespread and common in our study area, but there was no evidence that fishers spatially or temporally excluded martens from scavenging at carcasses other than occasional short-term displacement when a fisher was present. Instead, martens appeared to mitigate risk from fishers by using vigilance and short-term avoidance. Multiple short-term anti-predator behaviors within a landscape of fear may facilitate coexistence among carnivore species.
format	article
author	Todd M. Kautz Dean E. Beyer Zachary Farley Nicholas L. Fowler Kenneth F. Kellner Ashley L. Lutto Tyler R. Petroelje Jerrold L. Belant
author_facet	Todd M. Kautz Dean E. Beyer Zachary Farley Nicholas L. Fowler Kenneth F. Kellner Ashley L. Lutto Tyler R. Petroelje Jerrold L. Belant
author_sort	Todd M. Kautz
title	American martens use vigilance and short-term avoidance to navigate a landscape of fear from fishers at artificial scavenging sites
title_short	American martens use vigilance and short-term avoidance to navigate a landscape of fear from fishers at artificial scavenging sites
title_full	American martens use vigilance and short-term avoidance to navigate a landscape of fear from fishers at artificial scavenging sites
title_fullStr	American martens use vigilance and short-term avoidance to navigate a landscape of fear from fishers at artificial scavenging sites
title_full_unstemmed	American martens use vigilance and short-term avoidance to navigate a landscape of fear from fishers at artificial scavenging sites
title_sort	american martens use vigilance and short-term avoidance to navigate a landscape of fear from fishers at artificial scavenging sites
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d11cfec98f324300b10e7548783d5b02
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American martens use vigilance and short-term avoidance to navigate a landscape of fear from fishers at artificial scavenging sites

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