Phylogenetic Diversity of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Vibrio cholerae</named-content> Associated with Endemic Cholera in Mexico from 1991 to 2008

ABSTRACT An outbreak of cholera occurred in 1991 in Mexico, where it had not been reported for more than a century and is now endemic. Vibrio cholerae O1 prototype El Tor and classical strains coexist with altered El Tor strains (1991 to 1997). Nontoxigenic (CTX−) V. cholerae El Tor dominated toxige...

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Autores principales:	Seon Young Choi, Shah M. Rashed, Nur A. Hasan, Munirul Alam, Tarequl Islam, Abdus Sadique, Fatema-Tuz Johura, Mark Eppinger, Jacques Ravel, Anwar Huq, Alejandro Cravioto, Rita R. Colwell
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2016
Materias:	Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d1a901e13018462cab1a8df72eb5f30c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d1a901e13018462cab1a8df72eb5f30c2021-11-15T15:41:42ZPhylogenetic Diversity of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Vibrio cholerae</named-content> Associated with Endemic Cholera in Mexico from 1991 to 200810.1128/mBio.02160-152150-7511https://doaj.org/article/d1a901e13018462cab1a8df72eb5f30c2016-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.02160-15https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT An outbreak of cholera occurred in 1991 in Mexico, where it had not been reported for more than a century and is now endemic. Vibrio cholerae O1 prototype El Tor and classical strains coexist with altered El Tor strains (1991 to 1997). Nontoxigenic (CTX−) V. cholerae El Tor dominated toxigenic (CTX+) strains (2001 to 2003), but V. cholerae CTX+ variant El Tor was isolated during 2004 to 2008, outcompeting CTX− V. cholerae. Genomes of six Mexican V. cholerae O1 strains isolated during 1991 to 2008 were sequenced and compared with both contemporary and archived strains of V. cholerae. Three were CTX+ El Tor, two were CTX− El Tor, and the remaining strain was a CTX+ classical isolate. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed the six isolates belonged to five distinct phylogenetic clades. One CTX− isolate is ancestral to the 6th and 7th pandemic CTX+ V. cholerae isolates. The other CTX− isolate joined with CTX− non-O1/O139 isolates from Haiti and seroconverted O1 isolates from Brazil and Amazonia. One CTX+ isolate was phylogenetically placed with the sixth pandemic classical clade and the V. cholerae O395 classical reference strain. Two CTX+ El Tor isolates possessing intact Vibrio seventh pandemic island II (VSP-II) are related to hybrid El Tor isolates from Mozambique and Bangladesh. The third CTX+ El Tor isolate contained West African-South American (WASA) recombination in VSP-II and showed relatedness to isolates from Peru and Brazil. Except for one isolate, all Mexican isolates lack SXT/R391 integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) and sensitivity to selected antibiotics, with one isolate resistant to streptomycin. No isolates were related to contemporary isolates from Asia, Africa, or Haiti, indicating phylogenetic diversity. IMPORTANCE Sequencing of genomes of V. cholerae is critical if genetic changes occurring over time in the circulating population of an area of endemicity are to be understood. Although cholera outbreaks occurred rarely in Mexico prior to the 1990s, genetically diverse V. cholerae O1 strains were isolated between 1991 and 2008. Despite the lack of strong evidence, the notion that cholera was transmitted from Africa to Latin America has been proposed in the literature. In this study, we have applied whole-genome sequence analysis to a set of 124 V. cholerae strains, including six Mexican isolates, to determine their phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the six V. cholerae O1 isolates belong to five phylogenetic clades: i.e., basal, nontoxigenic, classical, El Tor, and hybrid El Tor. Thus, the results of phylogenetic analysis, coupled with CTXϕ array and antibiotic susceptibility, do not support single-source transmission of cholera to Mexico from African countries. The association of indigenous populations of V. cholerae that has been observed in this study suggests it plays a significant role in the dynamics of cholera in Mexico.Seon Young ChoiShah M. RashedNur A. HasanMunirul AlamTarequl IslamAbdus SadiqueFatema-Tuz JohuraMark EppingerJacques RavelAnwar HuqAlejandro CraviotoRita R. ColwellAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 7, Iss 2 (2016)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Microbiology QR1-502 Seon Young Choi Shah M. Rashed Nur A. Hasan Munirul Alam Tarequl Islam Abdus Sadique Fatema-Tuz Johura Mark Eppinger Jacques Ravel Anwar Huq Alejandro Cravioto Rita R. Colwell Phylogenetic Diversity of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Vibrio cholerae</named-content> Associated with Endemic Cholera in Mexico from 1991 to 2008
description	ABSTRACT An outbreak of cholera occurred in 1991 in Mexico, where it had not been reported for more than a century and is now endemic. Vibrio cholerae O1 prototype El Tor and classical strains coexist with altered El Tor strains (1991 to 1997). Nontoxigenic (CTX−) V. cholerae El Tor dominated toxigenic (CTX+) strains (2001 to 2003), but V. cholerae CTX+ variant El Tor was isolated during 2004 to 2008, outcompeting CTX− V. cholerae. Genomes of six Mexican V. cholerae O1 strains isolated during 1991 to 2008 were sequenced and compared with both contemporary and archived strains of V. cholerae. Three were CTX+ El Tor, two were CTX− El Tor, and the remaining strain was a CTX+ classical isolate. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed the six isolates belonged to five distinct phylogenetic clades. One CTX− isolate is ancestral to the 6th and 7th pandemic CTX+ V. cholerae isolates. The other CTX− isolate joined with CTX− non-O1/O139 isolates from Haiti and seroconverted O1 isolates from Brazil and Amazonia. One CTX+ isolate was phylogenetically placed with the sixth pandemic classical clade and the V. cholerae O395 classical reference strain. Two CTX+ El Tor isolates possessing intact Vibrio seventh pandemic island II (VSP-II) are related to hybrid El Tor isolates from Mozambique and Bangladesh. The third CTX+ El Tor isolate contained West African-South American (WASA) recombination in VSP-II and showed relatedness to isolates from Peru and Brazil. Except for one isolate, all Mexican isolates lack SXT/R391 integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) and sensitivity to selected antibiotics, with one isolate resistant to streptomycin. No isolates were related to contemporary isolates from Asia, Africa, or Haiti, indicating phylogenetic diversity. IMPORTANCE Sequencing of genomes of V. cholerae is critical if genetic changes occurring over time in the circulating population of an area of endemicity are to be understood. Although cholera outbreaks occurred rarely in Mexico prior to the 1990s, genetically diverse V. cholerae O1 strains were isolated between 1991 and 2008. Despite the lack of strong evidence, the notion that cholera was transmitted from Africa to Latin America has been proposed in the literature. In this study, we have applied whole-genome sequence analysis to a set of 124 V. cholerae strains, including six Mexican isolates, to determine their phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the six V. cholerae O1 isolates belong to five phylogenetic clades: i.e., basal, nontoxigenic, classical, El Tor, and hybrid El Tor. Thus, the results of phylogenetic analysis, coupled with CTXϕ array and antibiotic susceptibility, do not support single-source transmission of cholera to Mexico from African countries. The association of indigenous populations of V. cholerae that has been observed in this study suggests it plays a significant role in the dynamics of cholera in Mexico.
format	article
author	Seon Young Choi Shah M. Rashed Nur A. Hasan Munirul Alam Tarequl Islam Abdus Sadique Fatema-Tuz Johura Mark Eppinger Jacques Ravel Anwar Huq Alejandro Cravioto Rita R. Colwell
author_facet	Seon Young Choi Shah M. Rashed Nur A. Hasan Munirul Alam Tarequl Islam Abdus Sadique Fatema-Tuz Johura Mark Eppinger Jacques Ravel Anwar Huq Alejandro Cravioto Rita R. Colwell
author_sort	Seon Young Choi
title	Phylogenetic Diversity of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Vibrio cholerae</named-content> Associated with Endemic Cholera in Mexico from 1991 to 2008
title_short	Phylogenetic Diversity of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Vibrio cholerae</named-content> Associated with Endemic Cholera in Mexico from 1991 to 2008
title_full	Phylogenetic Diversity of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Vibrio cholerae</named-content> Associated with Endemic Cholera in Mexico from 1991 to 2008
title_fullStr	Phylogenetic Diversity of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Vibrio cholerae</named-content> Associated with Endemic Cholera in Mexico from 1991 to 2008
title_full_unstemmed	Phylogenetic Diversity of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Vibrio cholerae</named-content> Associated with Endemic Cholera in Mexico from 1991 to 2008
title_sort	phylogenetic diversity of <named-content content-type="genus-species">vibrio cholerae</named-content> associated with endemic cholera in mexico from 1991 to 2008
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2016
url	https://doaj.org/article/d1a901e13018462cab1a8df72eb5f30c
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Phylogenetic Diversity of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Vibrio cholerae</named-content> Associated with Endemic Cholera in Mexico from 1991 to 2008

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