Courtship behavior and identification of a sex pheromone in Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae), a larval parasitoid of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)

Background Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae) is a larval parasitoid that has been widely introduced as a biological control agent for the invasive woodwasp,Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, the courtship behavior and identificaion of sex ph...

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Autores principales:	Hajar Faal, Peter J. Silk, Peter D. Mayo, Stephen A. Teale
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	PeerJ Inc. 2021
Materias:	Courtship behavior Sex pheromone Cuticular hydrocarbon Parasitoid Ibaliidae Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d2613beeb3414bdfb2581d20ac899a3a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d2613beeb3414bdfb2581d20ac899a3a2021-11-06T15:05:15ZCourtship behavior and identification of a sex pheromone in Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae), a larval parasitoid of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)10.7717/peerj.122662167-8359https://doaj.org/article/d2613beeb3414bdfb2581d20ac899a3a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://peerj.com/articles/12266.pdfhttps://peerj.com/articles/12266/https://doaj.org/toc/2167-8359Background Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae) is a larval parasitoid that has been widely introduced as a biological control agent for the invasive woodwasp,Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, the courtship behavior and identificaion of sex pheromones are described for I. leucospoides under laboratory conditions. Methods For courtship behavior, both sexes were observed in a wire mesh observation cylinder (75 cm length ×10 cm diameter) for 15 minutes. The female body washes were analyzed using Gas Chromatography- Electroantennographic Detection (GC-EAD). Then the EAD-active compounds were tentatively identified using GC-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and examined in olfactometer assays. Results The courtship behavior included rhythmic lateral movements, mounting, head-nodding cycles in males, and wing-fanning in females. GC-EAD analysis of female body washes with male antennae revealed seven compounds which elicited antennal responses, four of which are straight-chain alkanes (C23, C25, C26, and C27). The identities of these alkanes were confirmed by matching the retention times, mass spectra, and male antennal activity to those of commercially obtained chemicals. In olfactometer assays, a blend of the four straight-chain alkanes was attractive to I. leucospoides males, and there was no response to blends that lacked any of these four compounds. Female body wash was no more attractive than the four-component blend. The ratios of EAD-active components differ between hydrocarbon profiles from males and females. Conclusion This study is the first investigation of cuticular hydrocarbons in the family Ibaliidae. It provides evidence that the ubiquitous alkanes (C23, C25, C26, and C27) in sex-specific ratios attract I. leucospoides males.Hajar FaalPeter J. SilkPeter D. MayoStephen A. TealePeerJ Inc.articleCourtship behaviorSex pheromoneCuticular hydrocarbonParasitoidIbaliidaeMedicineRENPeerJ, Vol 9, p e12266 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Courtship behavior Sex pheromone Cuticular hydrocarbon Parasitoid Ibaliidae Medicine R
spellingShingle	Courtship behavior Sex pheromone Cuticular hydrocarbon Parasitoid Ibaliidae Medicine R Hajar Faal Peter J. Silk Peter D. Mayo Stephen A. Teale Courtship behavior and identification of a sex pheromone in Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae), a larval parasitoid of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)
description	Background Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae) is a larval parasitoid that has been widely introduced as a biological control agent for the invasive woodwasp,Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, the courtship behavior and identificaion of sex pheromones are described for I. leucospoides under laboratory conditions. Methods For courtship behavior, both sexes were observed in a wire mesh observation cylinder (75 cm length ×10 cm diameter) for 15 minutes. The female body washes were analyzed using Gas Chromatography- Electroantennographic Detection (GC-EAD). Then the EAD-active compounds were tentatively identified using GC-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and examined in olfactometer assays. Results The courtship behavior included rhythmic lateral movements, mounting, head-nodding cycles in males, and wing-fanning in females. GC-EAD analysis of female body washes with male antennae revealed seven compounds which elicited antennal responses, four of which are straight-chain alkanes (C23, C25, C26, and C27). The identities of these alkanes were confirmed by matching the retention times, mass spectra, and male antennal activity to those of commercially obtained chemicals. In olfactometer assays, a blend of the four straight-chain alkanes was attractive to I. leucospoides males, and there was no response to blends that lacked any of these four compounds. Female body wash was no more attractive than the four-component blend. The ratios of EAD-active components differ between hydrocarbon profiles from males and females. Conclusion This study is the first investigation of cuticular hydrocarbons in the family Ibaliidae. It provides evidence that the ubiquitous alkanes (C23, C25, C26, and C27) in sex-specific ratios attract I. leucospoides males.
format	article
author	Hajar Faal Peter J. Silk Peter D. Mayo Stephen A. Teale
author_facet	Hajar Faal Peter J. Silk Peter D. Mayo Stephen A. Teale
author_sort	Hajar Faal
title	Courtship behavior and identification of a sex pheromone in Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae), a larval parasitoid of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)
title_short	Courtship behavior and identification of a sex pheromone in Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae), a larval parasitoid of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)
title_full	Courtship behavior and identification of a sex pheromone in Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae), a larval parasitoid of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)
title_fullStr	Courtship behavior and identification of a sex pheromone in Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae), a larval parasitoid of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)
title_full_unstemmed	Courtship behavior and identification of a sex pheromone in Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae), a larval parasitoid of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)
title_sort	courtship behavior and identification of a sex pheromone in ibalia leucospoides (hymenoptera: ibaliidae), a larval parasitoid of sirex noctilio (hymenoptera: siricidae)
publisher	PeerJ Inc.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d2613beeb3414bdfb2581d20ac899a3a
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Courtship behavior and identification of a sex pheromone in Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae), a larval parasitoid of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)

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