In vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications

Abstract Natural mycelial biomass (MB) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Malaysian tiger milk mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus are considered high-end components due to their high commercial potential value in drug discovery. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of the mushroom extracts’ generated in...

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Autores principales:	Siti Rokhiyah Ahmad Usuldin, Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar, Zul Ilham, Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, Nur Raihan Abdullah, Neil Rowan
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d29f98507d05443dafbc2a2dbac89bd4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d29f98507d05443dafbc2a2dbac89bd42021-12-05T12:13:26ZIn vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications10.1038/s41598-021-02486-72045-2322https://doaj.org/article/d29f98507d05443dafbc2a2dbac89bd42021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02486-7https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Natural mycelial biomass (MB) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Malaysian tiger milk mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus are considered high-end components due to their high commercial potential value in drug discovery. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of the mushroom extracts’ generated in a bioreactor using the zebrafish embryo toxicity (ZFET) model assay as a new therapy for treating asthma. Both MB and EPS extracts, at concentrations 0.16–10 mg/mL, were tested for ZFET and early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) during 24–120 h post-fertilisation (HPF). Findings revealed that MB was deemed safe with an LC50 of 0.77 mg/mL; the EPS were non-toxic (LC50 of 0.41 mg/mL). Neither MB nor EPS delayed hatching nor teratogenic defects in the treated ZE at a 2.5 mg/mL dose. There were no significant changes in the ZE heart rate after treatments with MB (130 beats/min) and EPS (140 beats/min), compared to that of normal ZE (120–180 beats/min). Mixing both natural compounds MB and EPS did not affect toxicity using ZFET testing; thus, intimating their safe future use as therapeutic interventions. This represents the first study to have used the ZFET assay on MB and EPS extracts of L. rhinocerus for future health applications.Siti Rokhiyah Ahmad UsuldinWan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-MohtarZul IlhamAdi Ainurzaman JamaludinNur Raihan AbdullahNeil RowanNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Siti Rokhiyah Ahmad Usuldin Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar Zul Ilham Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin Nur Raihan Abdullah Neil Rowan In vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications
description	Abstract Natural mycelial biomass (MB) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Malaysian tiger milk mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus are considered high-end components due to their high commercial potential value in drug discovery. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of the mushroom extracts’ generated in a bioreactor using the zebrafish embryo toxicity (ZFET) model assay as a new therapy for treating asthma. Both MB and EPS extracts, at concentrations 0.16–10 mg/mL, were tested for ZFET and early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) during 24–120 h post-fertilisation (HPF). Findings revealed that MB was deemed safe with an LC50 of 0.77 mg/mL; the EPS were non-toxic (LC50 of 0.41 mg/mL). Neither MB nor EPS delayed hatching nor teratogenic defects in the treated ZE at a 2.5 mg/mL dose. There were no significant changes in the ZE heart rate after treatments with MB (130 beats/min) and EPS (140 beats/min), compared to that of normal ZE (120–180 beats/min). Mixing both natural compounds MB and EPS did not affect toxicity using ZFET testing; thus, intimating their safe future use as therapeutic interventions. This represents the first study to have used the ZFET assay on MB and EPS extracts of L. rhinocerus for future health applications.
format	article
author	Siti Rokhiyah Ahmad Usuldin Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar Zul Ilham Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin Nur Raihan Abdullah Neil Rowan
author_facet	Siti Rokhiyah Ahmad Usuldin Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar Zul Ilham Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin Nur Raihan Abdullah Neil Rowan
author_sort	Siti Rokhiyah Ahmad Usuldin
title	In vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications
title_short	In vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications
title_full	In vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications
title_fullStr	In vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications
title_full_unstemmed	In vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications
title_sort	in vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d29f98507d05443dafbc2a2dbac89bd4
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In vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications

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