A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks on air quality

<p>The two-way coupled Weather Research and Forecasting and Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model has been developed to more realistically represent the atmosphere by accounting for complex chemistry–meteorology feedbacks. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of two-way...

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Autores principales:	K. Wang, Y. Zhang, S. Yu, D. C. Wong, J. Pleim, R. Mathur, J. T. Kelly, M. Bell
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Copernicus Publications 2021
Materias:	Geology QE1-996.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d2aa28c0c53e44919a95d7d7ed138053
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d2aa28c0c53e44919a95d7d7ed1380532021-11-26T10:42:51ZA comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks on air quality10.5194/gmd-14-7189-20211991-959X1991-9603https://doaj.org/article/d2aa28c0c53e44919a95d7d7ed1380532021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/7189/2021/gmd-14-7189-2021.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/1991-959Xhttps://doaj.org/toc/1991-9603<p>The two-way coupled Weather Research and Forecasting and Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model has been developed to more realistically represent the atmosphere by accounting for complex chemistry–meteorology feedbacks. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of two-way (with consideration of both aerosol direct and indirect effects) and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US. Long-term (5 years from 2008 to 2012) simulations using WRF-CMAQ with both offline and two-way coupling modes are carried out with anthropogenic emissions based on multiple years of the U.S. National Emission Inventory and chemical initial and boundary conditions derived from an advanced Earth system model (i.e., a modified version of the Community Earth System Model/Community Atmospheric Model). The comprehensive model evaluations show that both two-way WRF-CMAQ and WRF-only simulations perform well for major meteorological variables such as temperature at 2 m, relative humidity at 2 m, wind speed at 10 m, precipitation (except for against the National Climatic Data Center data), and shortwave and longwave radiation. Both two-way and offline CMAQ also show good performance for ozone (<span class="inline-formula">O<sub>3</sub></span>) and fine particulate matter (PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span>). Due to the consideration of aerosol direct and indirect effects, two-way WRF-CMAQ shows improved performance over offline coupled WRF and CMAQ in terms of spatiotemporal distributions and statistics, especially for radiation, cloud forcing, <span class="inline-formula">O<sub>3</sub></span>, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, elemental carbon, tropospheric <span class="inline-formula">O<sub>3</sub></span> residual, and column nitrogen dioxide (<span class="inline-formula">NO<sub>2</sub></span>). For example, the mean biases have been reduced by more than 10 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> for shortwave radiation and cloud radiative forcing and by more than 2 ppb for max 8 h <span class="inline-formula">O<sub>3</sub></span>. However, relatively large biases still exist for cloud predictions, some PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> species, and PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>10</sub></span> that warrant follow-up studies to better understand those issues. The impacts of chemistry–meteorological feedbacks are found to play important roles in affecting regional air quality in the US by reducing domain-average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), <span class="inline-formula">O<sub>3</sub></span>, nitrogen oxide (<span class="inline-formula">NO<sub><i>x</i></sub></span>), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> by 3.1 % (up to 27.8 %), 4.2 % (up to 16.2 %), 6.6 % (up to 50.9 %), 5.8 % (up to 46.6 %), and 8.6 % (up to 49.1 %), respectively, mainly due to reduced radiation, temperature, and wind speed. The overall performance of the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model achieved in this work is generally good or satisfactory and the improved performance for two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ should be considered along with other factors in developing future model applications to inform policy making.</p>K. WangY. ZhangS. YuD. C. WongJ. PleimR. MathurJ. T. KellyM. BellCopernicus PublicationsarticleGeologyQE1-996.5ENGeoscientific Model Development, Vol 14, Pp 7189-7221 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Geology QE1-996.5
spellingShingle	Geology QE1-996.5 K. Wang Y. Zhang S. Yu D. C. Wong J. Pleim R. Mathur J. T. Kelly M. Bell A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks on air quality
description	<p>The two-way coupled Weather Research and Forecasting and Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model has been developed to more realistically represent the atmosphere by accounting for complex chemistry–meteorology feedbacks. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of two-way (with consideration of both aerosol direct and indirect effects) and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US. Long-term (5 years from 2008 to 2012) simulations using WRF-CMAQ with both offline and two-way coupling modes are carried out with anthropogenic emissions based on multiple years of the U.S. National Emission Inventory and chemical initial and boundary conditions derived from an advanced Earth system model (i.e., a modified version of the Community Earth System Model/Community Atmospheric Model). The comprehensive model evaluations show that both two-way WRF-CMAQ and WRF-only simulations perform well for major meteorological variables such as temperature at 2 m, relative humidity at 2 m, wind speed at 10 m, precipitation (except for against the National Climatic Data Center data), and shortwave and longwave radiation. Both two-way and offline CMAQ also show good performance for ozone (<span class="inline-formula">O<sub>3</sub></span>) and fine particulate matter (PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span>). Due to the consideration of aerosol direct and indirect effects, two-way WRF-CMAQ shows improved performance over offline coupled WRF and CMAQ in terms of spatiotemporal distributions and statistics, especially for radiation, cloud forcing, <span class="inline-formula">O<sub>3</sub></span>, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, elemental carbon, tropospheric <span class="inline-formula">O<sub>3</sub></span> residual, and column nitrogen dioxide (<span class="inline-formula">NO<sub>2</sub></span>). For example, the mean biases have been reduced by more than 10 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> for shortwave radiation and cloud radiative forcing and by more than 2 ppb for max 8 h <span class="inline-formula">O<sub>3</sub></span>. However, relatively large biases still exist for cloud predictions, some PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> species, and PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>10</sub></span> that warrant follow-up studies to better understand those issues. The impacts of chemistry–meteorological feedbacks are found to play important roles in affecting regional air quality in the US by reducing domain-average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), <span class="inline-formula">O<sub>3</sub></span>, nitrogen oxide (<span class="inline-formula">NO<sub><i>x</i></sub></span>), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2.5</sub></span> by 3.1 % (up to 27.8 %), 4.2 % (up to 16.2 %), 6.6 % (up to 50.9 %), 5.8 % (up to 46.6 %), and 8.6 % (up to 49.1 %), respectively, mainly due to reduced radiation, temperature, and wind speed. The overall performance of the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model achieved in this work is generally good or satisfactory and the improved performance for two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ should be considered along with other factors in developing future model applications to inform policy making.</p>
format	article
author	K. Wang Y. Zhang S. Yu D. C. Wong J. Pleim R. Mathur J. T. Kelly M. Bell
author_facet	K. Wang Y. Zhang S. Yu D. C. Wong J. Pleim R. Mathur J. T. Kelly M. Bell
author_sort	K. Wang
title	A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks on air quality
title_short	A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks on air quality
title_full	A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks on air quality
title_fullStr	A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks on air quality
title_full_unstemmed	A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks on air quality
title_sort	comparative study of two-way and offline coupled wrf v3.4 and cmaq v5.0.2 over the contiguous us: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks on air quality
publisher	Copernicus Publications
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d2aa28c0c53e44919a95d7d7ed138053
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A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks on air quality

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