Managing control programs for ovine caseous lymphadenitis and paratuberculosis in Australia, and the need for persistent vaccination

Peter Andrew WindsorFaculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, AustraliaAbstract: Ovine caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) and ovine Johne's disease (OJD) or paratuberculosis have been serious diseases in the Australian sheep industry, mainly causing losses from abattoir con...

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Autor principal:	Windsor PA
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2014
Materias:	Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d2c6c320409a411a8cba80b376fbbeb6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d2c6c320409a411a8cba80b376fbbeb62021-12-02T02:37:04ZManaging control programs for ovine caseous lymphadenitis and paratuberculosis in Australia, and the need for persistent vaccination2230-2034https://doaj.org/article/d2c6c320409a411a8cba80b376fbbeb62014-03-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/managing-control-programs-for-ovine-caseous-lymphadenitis-and-paratube-a16215https://doaj.org/toc/2230-2034 Peter Andrew WindsorFaculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, AustraliaAbstract: Ovine caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) and ovine Johne's disease (OJD) or paratuberculosis have been serious diseases in the Australian sheep industry, mainly causing losses from abattoir condemnations from CLA or mortalities on the farm from OJD. CLA is now a disease of minimal concern, with clinical cases reported rarely. Although OJD continues to spread through parts of the sheep population, the catastrophic losses in flocks occurring prior to the introduction of vaccination are now uncommon. Change-management factors relevant to the improvements in both prevalence and producer concerns for CLA and OJD were examined, including drivers and motivation for change, resistance to change, knowledge management, farming system dimensions and leadership. Although extension programs addressing disease risk factors are likely to be of relevance to improved knowledge and attitudes towards disease risk management of producers, improvements in disease-control practices were considered largely attributable to the introduction of vaccination programs for CLA in 1983 and OJD in 2002. Inclusion of the CLA antigen within clostridial vaccines (“6 in 1” vaccine) enabled routine annual CLA vaccination to occur in an increasing proportion of the national flock, with estimates of CLA prevalence suggesting a decline from 26% in 1995 to 5.2% in 2009. Encouraging the routine vaccination of lambs for OJD (Gudair vaccine) in infected flocks to reduce or avoid losses significantly reduced the within-flock prevaccination–postvaccination median prevalence from 2.72% to 0.72%, based on estimated shedding rates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis determined by pooled fecal culture in 37 infected flocks vaccinating for at least 5 years. Although persistent use of CLA vaccine is a convenient intervention for producers, promoting the persistent use of OJD vaccination to continue disease suppression when clinical cases are undetectable, plus improvements in biosecurity, remain a challenge for animal-health authorities. Despite concerns of vaccine efficacy and safety issues with OJD vaccination, persistent vaccination has produced a profound improvement in the health of Australian sheep, and is a positive development of relevance to sheep production in other countries.Keywords: CLA, caseous lymphadenitis, OJD, ovine Johne’s disease, paratuberculosis, sheep health, vaccination, disease-control programsWindsor PADove Medical PressarticleVeterinary medicineSF600-1100ENVeterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, Vol 2014, Iss default, Pp 11-22 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
spellingShingle	Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Windsor PA Managing control programs for ovine caseous lymphadenitis and paratuberculosis in Australia, and the need for persistent vaccination
description	Peter Andrew WindsorFaculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, AustraliaAbstract: Ovine caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) and ovine Johne's disease (OJD) or paratuberculosis have been serious diseases in the Australian sheep industry, mainly causing losses from abattoir condemnations from CLA or mortalities on the farm from OJD. CLA is now a disease of minimal concern, with clinical cases reported rarely. Although OJD continues to spread through parts of the sheep population, the catastrophic losses in flocks occurring prior to the introduction of vaccination are now uncommon. Change-management factors relevant to the improvements in both prevalence and producer concerns for CLA and OJD were examined, including drivers and motivation for change, resistance to change, knowledge management, farming system dimensions and leadership. Although extension programs addressing disease risk factors are likely to be of relevance to improved knowledge and attitudes towards disease risk management of producers, improvements in disease-control practices were considered largely attributable to the introduction of vaccination programs for CLA in 1983 and OJD in 2002. Inclusion of the CLA antigen within clostridial vaccines (“6 in 1” vaccine) enabled routine annual CLA vaccination to occur in an increasing proportion of the national flock, with estimates of CLA prevalence suggesting a decline from 26% in 1995 to 5.2% in 2009. Encouraging the routine vaccination of lambs for OJD (Gudair vaccine) in infected flocks to reduce or avoid losses significantly reduced the within-flock prevaccination–postvaccination median prevalence from 2.72% to 0.72%, based on estimated shedding rates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis determined by pooled fecal culture in 37 infected flocks vaccinating for at least 5 years. Although persistent use of CLA vaccine is a convenient intervention for producers, promoting the persistent use of OJD vaccination to continue disease suppression when clinical cases are undetectable, plus improvements in biosecurity, remain a challenge for animal-health authorities. Despite concerns of vaccine efficacy and safety issues with OJD vaccination, persistent vaccination has produced a profound improvement in the health of Australian sheep, and is a positive development of relevance to sheep production in other countries.Keywords: CLA, caseous lymphadenitis, OJD, ovine Johne’s disease, paratuberculosis, sheep health, vaccination, disease-control programs
format	article
author	Windsor PA
author_facet	Windsor PA
author_sort	Windsor PA
title	Managing control programs for ovine caseous lymphadenitis and paratuberculosis in Australia, and the need for persistent vaccination
title_short	Managing control programs for ovine caseous lymphadenitis and paratuberculosis in Australia, and the need for persistent vaccination
title_full	Managing control programs for ovine caseous lymphadenitis and paratuberculosis in Australia, and the need for persistent vaccination
title_fullStr	Managing control programs for ovine caseous lymphadenitis and paratuberculosis in Australia, and the need for persistent vaccination
title_full_unstemmed	Managing control programs for ovine caseous lymphadenitis and paratuberculosis in Australia, and the need for persistent vaccination
title_sort	managing control programs for ovine caseous lymphadenitis and paratuberculosis in australia, and the need for persistent vaccination
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/d2c6c320409a411a8cba80b376fbbeb6
work_keys_str_mv	AT windsorpa managingcontrolprogramsforovinecaseouslymphadenitisandparatuberculosisinaustraliaandtheneedforpersistentvaccination
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Managing control programs for ovine caseous lymphadenitis and paratuberculosis in Australia, and the need for persistent vaccination

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