HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in India: national scenario of an unfinished agenda

Ugra Mohan Jha,1 Yujwal Raj,1 Srinivas Venkatesh,1 Neeraj Dhingra,1 Ramesh S Paranjpe,2 Niranjan Saggurti3 1Department of AIDS Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India; 2National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India; 3Population Council, New Delhi, India...

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Autores principales:	Jha UM, Raj Y, Venkatesh S, Dhingra N, Paranjpe RS, Saggurti N
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2014
Materias:	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d2e38aae53534588a95274918470b5e3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d2e38aae53534588a95274918470b5e32021-12-02T00:25:20ZHIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in India: national scenario of an unfinished agenda1179-1373https://doaj.org/article/d2e38aae53534588a95274918470b5e32014-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/hiv-epidemic-among-men-who-have-sex-with-men-in-india-national-scenari-peer-reviewed-article-HIVhttps://doaj.org/toc/1179-1373 Ugra Mohan Jha,1 Yujwal Raj,1 Srinivas Venkatesh,1 Neeraj Dhingra,1 Ramesh S Paranjpe,2 Niranjan Saggurti3 1Department of AIDS Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India; 2National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India; 3Population Council, New Delhi, India Background: Although India has demonstrated success in the overall reduction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence by 57% in the past 10 years, its control among men who have sex with men (MSM) remains a critical challenge. This paper describes the current status, geographic variability, and factors associated with HIV among MSM from the national perspective. Methods: Data on the levels and trends of HIV seropositivity and associated risk behaviors among MSM were analyzed and presented from the following data sources: 1) annual HIV Sentinel Surveillance (HSS) conducted during 2003–10, 2) two rounds of the high-risk group size estimation conducted in 2005 and 2009, 3) two rounds of the Behavioral Surveillance Survey conducted in 2006 and 2009, and 4) the Integrated Bio-behavioral Assessment Round 2. Data were analyzed according to selected sociodemographic characteristics and sexual identities of MSM to understand the factors associated with high HIV prevalence. Results: HSS data indicate that at the national level, HIV prevalence among MSM overall is declining (from 12.3% in 2003 to 4.43% in 2010). However, marginal increasing trends were observed in Chandigarh (from 1.4% in 2004 to 2.8% in 2008) and Haryana (from 0% in 2006 to 3.2% in 2008). HSS data indicate high (>5%) levels and increasing trends in HIV prevalence among MSM in eight states of India during 2003–10. Analysis of 2010 HSS data indicates that HIV prevalence was >10% in seven states. The factors associated with high HIV prevalence among MSM were being a kothi (the receptive partner in oral and anal sex, and typically with effeminate mannerisms) or a double-decker (both penetrative and receptive partner) rather than being a panthi (the penetrative partner in oral or anal sex) (8% vs 4.3%; P<0.05), being older than 25 years in age than their younger counterparts (9% vs 4.5%; P<0.05), illiterate rather than literate MSM (9.5% vs 6.9%; P<0.05), and employed versus unemployed MSM (9.1% vs 7.8%; P<0.05). Conclusion: While HIV prevalence among MSM at the national level is declining, it continues to remain high in some states and cities. Programs need to build on the successes in reducing HIV among female sex workers in order to control the high HIV prevalence among MSM in India. Keywords: men who have sex with men, sexual behavior, program coverage, HIV, IndiaJha UMRaj YVenkatesh SDhingra NParanjpe RSSaggurti NDove Medical PressarticleImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607ENHIV/AIDS: Research and Palliative Care, Vol 2014, Iss default, Pp 159-170 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
spellingShingle	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Jha UM Raj Y Venkatesh S Dhingra N Paranjpe RS Saggurti N HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in India: national scenario of an unfinished agenda
description	Ugra Mohan Jha,1 Yujwal Raj,1 Srinivas Venkatesh,1 Neeraj Dhingra,1 Ramesh S Paranjpe,2 Niranjan Saggurti3 1Department of AIDS Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India; 2National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India; 3Population Council, New Delhi, India Background: Although India has demonstrated success in the overall reduction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence by 57% in the past 10 years, its control among men who have sex with men (MSM) remains a critical challenge. This paper describes the current status, geographic variability, and factors associated with HIV among MSM from the national perspective. Methods: Data on the levels and trends of HIV seropositivity and associated risk behaviors among MSM were analyzed and presented from the following data sources: 1) annual HIV Sentinel Surveillance (HSS) conducted during 2003–10, 2) two rounds of the high-risk group size estimation conducted in 2005 and 2009, 3) two rounds of the Behavioral Surveillance Survey conducted in 2006 and 2009, and 4) the Integrated Bio-behavioral Assessment Round 2. Data were analyzed according to selected sociodemographic characteristics and sexual identities of MSM to understand the factors associated with high HIV prevalence. Results: HSS data indicate that at the national level, HIV prevalence among MSM overall is declining (from 12.3% in 2003 to 4.43% in 2010). However, marginal increasing trends were observed in Chandigarh (from 1.4% in 2004 to 2.8% in 2008) and Haryana (from 0% in 2006 to 3.2% in 2008). HSS data indicate high (>5%) levels and increasing trends in HIV prevalence among MSM in eight states of India during 2003–10. Analysis of 2010 HSS data indicates that HIV prevalence was >10% in seven states. The factors associated with high HIV prevalence among MSM were being a kothi (the receptive partner in oral and anal sex, and typically with effeminate mannerisms) or a double-decker (both penetrative and receptive partner) rather than being a panthi (the penetrative partner in oral or anal sex) (8% vs 4.3%; P<0.05), being older than 25 years in age than their younger counterparts (9% vs 4.5%; P<0.05), illiterate rather than literate MSM (9.5% vs 6.9%; P<0.05), and employed versus unemployed MSM (9.1% vs 7.8%; P<0.05). Conclusion: While HIV prevalence among MSM at the national level is declining, it continues to remain high in some states and cities. Programs need to build on the successes in reducing HIV among female sex workers in order to control the high HIV prevalence among MSM in India. Keywords: men who have sex with men, sexual behavior, program coverage, HIV, India
format	article
author	Jha UM Raj Y Venkatesh S Dhingra N Paranjpe RS Saggurti N
author_facet	Jha UM Raj Y Venkatesh S Dhingra N Paranjpe RS Saggurti N
author_sort	Jha UM
title	HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in India: national scenario of an unfinished agenda
title_short	HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in India: national scenario of an unfinished agenda
title_full	HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in India: national scenario of an unfinished agenda
title_fullStr	HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in India: national scenario of an unfinished agenda
title_full_unstemmed	HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in India: national scenario of an unfinished agenda
title_sort	hiv epidemic among men who have sex with men in india: national scenario of an unfinished agenda
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/d2e38aae53534588a95274918470b5e3
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HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in India: national scenario of an unfinished agenda

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