Gender Differences in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Effects of Natural Killer Lymphocyte Immunity

Men are more likely to develop cancer than women. In fact, male predominance is one of the most consistent cancer epidemiology findings. Additionally, men have a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of secondary malignancies compared to women. These differences have been investigated in order to b...

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Autores principales:	Charles T. Lutz, Lydia Livas, Steven R. Presnell, Morgan Sexton, Peng Wang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	urothelial bladder cancer natural killer cells androgens immunosuppression X chromosome sex factors Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d3a9c8abee96428c8e5070708fb638e5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d3a9c8abee96428c8e5070708fb638e52021-11-11T17:46:44ZGender Differences in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Effects of Natural Killer Lymphocyte Immunity10.3390/jcm102151632077-0383https://doaj.org/article/d3a9c8abee96428c8e5070708fb638e52021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/21/5163https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0383Men are more likely to develop cancer than women. In fact, male predominance is one of the most consistent cancer epidemiology findings. Additionally, men have a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of secondary malignancies compared to women. These differences have been investigated in order to better understand cancer and to better treat both men and women. In this review, we discuss factors that may cause this gender difference, focusing on urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) pathogenesis. We consider physiological factors that may cause higher male cancer rates, including differences in X chromosome gene expression. We discuss how androgens may promote bladder cancer development directly by stimulating bladder urothelium and indirectly by suppressing immunity. We are particularly interested in the role of natural killer (NK) cells in anti-cancer immunity.Charles T. LutzLydia LivasSteven R. PresnellMorgan SextonPeng WangMDPI AGarticleurothelial bladder cancernatural killer cellsandrogensimmunosuppressionX chromosomesex factorsMedicineRENJournal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 10, Iss 5163, p 5163 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	urothelial bladder cancer natural killer cells androgens immunosuppression X chromosome sex factors Medicine R
spellingShingle	urothelial bladder cancer natural killer cells androgens immunosuppression X chromosome sex factors Medicine R Charles T. Lutz Lydia Livas Steven R. Presnell Morgan Sexton Peng Wang Gender Differences in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Effects of Natural Killer Lymphocyte Immunity
description	Men are more likely to develop cancer than women. In fact, male predominance is one of the most consistent cancer epidemiology findings. Additionally, men have a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of secondary malignancies compared to women. These differences have been investigated in order to better understand cancer and to better treat both men and women. In this review, we discuss factors that may cause this gender difference, focusing on urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) pathogenesis. We consider physiological factors that may cause higher male cancer rates, including differences in X chromosome gene expression. We discuss how androgens may promote bladder cancer development directly by stimulating bladder urothelium and indirectly by suppressing immunity. We are particularly interested in the role of natural killer (NK) cells in anti-cancer immunity.
format	article
author	Charles T. Lutz Lydia Livas Steven R. Presnell Morgan Sexton Peng Wang
author_facet	Charles T. Lutz Lydia Livas Steven R. Presnell Morgan Sexton Peng Wang
author_sort	Charles T. Lutz
title	Gender Differences in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Effects of Natural Killer Lymphocyte Immunity
title_short	Gender Differences in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Effects of Natural Killer Lymphocyte Immunity
title_full	Gender Differences in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Effects of Natural Killer Lymphocyte Immunity
title_fullStr	Gender Differences in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Effects of Natural Killer Lymphocyte Immunity
title_full_unstemmed	Gender Differences in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Effects of Natural Killer Lymphocyte Immunity
title_sort	gender differences in urothelial bladder cancer: effects of natural killer lymphocyte immunity
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d3a9c8abee96428c8e5070708fb638e5
work_keys_str_mv	AT charlestlutz genderdifferencesinurothelialbladdercancereffectsofnaturalkillerlymphocyteimmunity AT lydialivas genderdifferencesinurothelialbladdercancereffectsofnaturalkillerlymphocyteimmunity AT stevenrpresnell genderdifferencesinurothelialbladdercancereffectsofnaturalkillerlymphocyteimmunity AT morgansexton genderdifferencesinurothelialbladdercancereffectsofnaturalkillerlymphocyteimmunity AT pengwang genderdifferencesinurothelialbladdercancereffectsofnaturalkillerlymphocyteimmunity
_version_	1718432028526903296

Gender Differences in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Effects of Natural Killer Lymphocyte Immunity

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