Isolation and Functions of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Parasites: The Promise of a New Era in Immunotherapy, Vaccination, and Diagnosis

Mojdeh Khosravi,1 Elnaz Sadat Mirsamadi,2 Hamed Mirjalali,3 Mohammad Reza Zali4 1Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,...

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Autores principales:	Khosravi M, Mirsamadi ES, Mirjalali H, Zali MR
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2020
Materias:	parasites extracellular vesicles immunotherapy vaccination diagnosis. Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d3d0e4b459ff4748b18dc8967da002ae
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d3d0e4b459ff4748b18dc8967da002ae2021-12-02T08:49:43ZIsolation and Functions of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Parasites: The Promise of a New Era in Immunotherapy, Vaccination, and Diagnosis1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/d3d0e4b459ff4748b18dc8967da002ae2020-04-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/isolation-and-functions-of-extracellular-vesicles-derived-from-parasit-peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Mojdeh Khosravi,1 Elnaz Sadat Mirsamadi,2 Hamed Mirjalali,3 Mohammad Reza Zali4 1Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; 3Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranCorrespondence: Hamed MirjalaliFoodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranEmail hamed_mirjalali@hotmail.comAbstract: Experimental and epidemiological evidence shows that parasites, particularly helminths, play a central role in balancing the host immunity. It was demonstrated that parasites can modulate immune responses via their excretory/secretory (ES) and some specific proteins. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-scale particles that are released from eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. EVs in parasitological studies have been mostly employed for immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases, vaccination, and diagnosis. EVs can carry virulence factors and play a central role in the development of parasites in host cells. These molecules can manipulate the immune responses through transcriptional changes. Moreover, EVs derived from helminths modulate the immune system via provoking anti-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, EVs from parasite protozoa can induce efficient immunity, that makes them useful for probable next-generation vaccines. In addition, it seems that EVs from parasites may provide new diagnostic approaches for parasitic infections. In the current study, we reviewed isolation methods, functions, and applications of parasite’s EVs in immunotherapy, vaccination, and diagnosis.Keywords: parasites, extracellular vesicles, immunotherapy, vaccination, diagnosisKhosravi MMirsamadi ESMirjalali HZali MRDove Medical Pressarticleparasitesextracellular vesiclesimmunotherapyvaccinationdiagnosis.Medicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 15, Pp 2957-2969 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	parasites extracellular vesicles immunotherapy vaccination diagnosis. Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	parasites extracellular vesicles immunotherapy vaccination diagnosis. Medicine (General) R5-920 Khosravi M Mirsamadi ES Mirjalali H Zali MR Isolation and Functions of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Parasites: The Promise of a New Era in Immunotherapy, Vaccination, and Diagnosis
description	Mojdeh Khosravi,1 Elnaz Sadat Mirsamadi,2 Hamed Mirjalali,3 Mohammad Reza Zali4 1Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; 3Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranCorrespondence: Hamed MirjalaliFoodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranEmail hamed_mirjalali@hotmail.comAbstract: Experimental and epidemiological evidence shows that parasites, particularly helminths, play a central role in balancing the host immunity. It was demonstrated that parasites can modulate immune responses via their excretory/secretory (ES) and some specific proteins. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-scale particles that are released from eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. EVs in parasitological studies have been mostly employed for immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases, vaccination, and diagnosis. EVs can carry virulence factors and play a central role in the development of parasites in host cells. These molecules can manipulate the immune responses through transcriptional changes. Moreover, EVs derived from helminths modulate the immune system via provoking anti-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, EVs from parasite protozoa can induce efficient immunity, that makes them useful for probable next-generation vaccines. In addition, it seems that EVs from parasites may provide new diagnostic approaches for parasitic infections. In the current study, we reviewed isolation methods, functions, and applications of parasite’s EVs in immunotherapy, vaccination, and diagnosis.Keywords: parasites, extracellular vesicles, immunotherapy, vaccination, diagnosis
format	article
author	Khosravi M Mirsamadi ES Mirjalali H Zali MR
author_facet	Khosravi M Mirsamadi ES Mirjalali H Zali MR
author_sort	Khosravi M
title	Isolation and Functions of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Parasites: The Promise of a New Era in Immunotherapy, Vaccination, and Diagnosis
title_short	Isolation and Functions of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Parasites: The Promise of a New Era in Immunotherapy, Vaccination, and Diagnosis
title_full	Isolation and Functions of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Parasites: The Promise of a New Era in Immunotherapy, Vaccination, and Diagnosis
title_fullStr	Isolation and Functions of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Parasites: The Promise of a New Era in Immunotherapy, Vaccination, and Diagnosis
title_full_unstemmed	Isolation and Functions of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Parasites: The Promise of a New Era in Immunotherapy, Vaccination, and Diagnosis
title_sort	isolation and functions of extracellular vesicles derived from parasites: the promise of a new era in immunotherapy, vaccination, and diagnosis
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/d3d0e4b459ff4748b18dc8967da002ae
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Isolation and Functions of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Parasites: The Promise of a New Era in Immunotherapy, Vaccination, and Diagnosis

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