GNSS-Free Outdoor Localization Techniques for Resource-Constrained IoT Architectures: A Literature Review

Large-scale deployments of the Internet of Things (IoT) are adopted for performance improvement and cost reduction in several application domains. The four main IoT application domains covered throughout this article are smart cities, smart transportation, smart healthcare, and smart manufacturing....

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Autores principales:	Azin Moradbeikie, Ahmad Keshavarz, Habib Rostami, Sara Paiva, Sérgio Ivan Lopes
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	IoT IIoT LPWAN LoRaWAN GNSS-free outdoor localization Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d3f753536fcb4400a72cc06438415263
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:d3f753536fcb4400a72cc06438415263
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d3f753536fcb4400a72cc064384152632021-11-25T16:38:15ZGNSS-Free Outdoor Localization Techniques for Resource-Constrained IoT Architectures: A Literature Review10.3390/app1122107932076-3417https://doaj.org/article/d3f753536fcb4400a72cc064384152632021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/22/10793https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417Large-scale deployments of the Internet of Things (IoT) are adopted for performance improvement and cost reduction in several application domains. The four main IoT application domains covered throughout this article are smart cities, smart transportation, smart healthcare, and smart manufacturing. To increase IoT applicability, data generated by the IoT devices need to be time-stamped and spatially contextualized. LPWANs have become an attractive solution for outdoor localization and received significant attention from the research community due to low-power, low-cost, and long-range communication. In addition, its signals can be used for communication and localization simultaneously. There are different proposed localization methods to obtain the IoT relative location. Each category of these proposed methods has pros and cons that make them useful for specific IoT systems. Nevertheless, there are some limitations in proposed localization methods that need to be eliminated to meet the IoT ecosystem needs completely. This has motivated this work and provided the following contributions: (1) definition of the main requirements and limitations of outdoor localization techniques for the IoT ecosystem, (2) description of the most relevant GNSS-free outdoor localization methods with a focus on LPWAN technologies, (3) survey the most relevant methods used within the IoT ecosystem for improving GNSS-free localization accuracy, and (4) discussion covering the open challenges and future directions within the field. Some of the important open issues that have different requirements in different IoT systems include energy consumption, security and privacy, accuracy, and scalability. This paper provides an overview of research works that have been published between 2018 to July 2021 and made available through the Google Scholar database.Azin MoradbeikieAhmad KeshavarzHabib RostamiSara PaivaSérgio Ivan LopesMDPI AGarticleIoTIIoTLPWANLoRaWANGNSS-freeoutdoor localizationTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10793, p 10793 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	IoT IIoT LPWAN LoRaWAN GNSS-free outdoor localization Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	IoT IIoT LPWAN LoRaWAN GNSS-free outdoor localization Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Azin Moradbeikie Ahmad Keshavarz Habib Rostami Sara Paiva Sérgio Ivan Lopes GNSS-Free Outdoor Localization Techniques for Resource-Constrained IoT Architectures: A Literature Review
description	Large-scale deployments of the Internet of Things (IoT) are adopted for performance improvement and cost reduction in several application domains. The four main IoT application domains covered throughout this article are smart cities, smart transportation, smart healthcare, and smart manufacturing. To increase IoT applicability, data generated by the IoT devices need to be time-stamped and spatially contextualized. LPWANs have become an attractive solution for outdoor localization and received significant attention from the research community due to low-power, low-cost, and long-range communication. In addition, its signals can be used for communication and localization simultaneously. There are different proposed localization methods to obtain the IoT relative location. Each category of these proposed methods has pros and cons that make them useful for specific IoT systems. Nevertheless, there are some limitations in proposed localization methods that need to be eliminated to meet the IoT ecosystem needs completely. This has motivated this work and provided the following contributions: (1) definition of the main requirements and limitations of outdoor localization techniques for the IoT ecosystem, (2) description of the most relevant GNSS-free outdoor localization methods with a focus on LPWAN technologies, (3) survey the most relevant methods used within the IoT ecosystem for improving GNSS-free localization accuracy, and (4) discussion covering the open challenges and future directions within the field. Some of the important open issues that have different requirements in different IoT systems include energy consumption, security and privacy, accuracy, and scalability. This paper provides an overview of research works that have been published between 2018 to July 2021 and made available through the Google Scholar database.
format	article
author	Azin Moradbeikie Ahmad Keshavarz Habib Rostami Sara Paiva Sérgio Ivan Lopes
author_facet	Azin Moradbeikie Ahmad Keshavarz Habib Rostami Sara Paiva Sérgio Ivan Lopes
author_sort	Azin Moradbeikie
title	GNSS-Free Outdoor Localization Techniques for Resource-Constrained IoT Architectures: A Literature Review
title_short	GNSS-Free Outdoor Localization Techniques for Resource-Constrained IoT Architectures: A Literature Review
title_full	GNSS-Free Outdoor Localization Techniques for Resource-Constrained IoT Architectures: A Literature Review
title_fullStr	GNSS-Free Outdoor Localization Techniques for Resource-Constrained IoT Architectures: A Literature Review
title_full_unstemmed	GNSS-Free Outdoor Localization Techniques for Resource-Constrained IoT Architectures: A Literature Review
title_sort	gnss-free outdoor localization techniques for resource-constrained iot architectures: a literature review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d3f753536fcb4400a72cc06438415263
work_keys_str_mv	AT azinmoradbeikie gnssfreeoutdoorlocalizationtechniquesforresourceconstrainediotarchitecturesaliteraturereview AT ahmadkeshavarz gnssfreeoutdoorlocalizationtechniquesforresourceconstrainediotarchitecturesaliteraturereview AT habibrostami gnssfreeoutdoorlocalizationtechniquesforresourceconstrainediotarchitecturesaliteraturereview AT sarapaiva gnssfreeoutdoorlocalizationtechniquesforresourceconstrainediotarchitecturesaliteraturereview AT sergioivanlopes gnssfreeoutdoorlocalizationtechniquesforresourceconstrainediotarchitecturesaliteraturereview
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GNSS-Free Outdoor Localization Techniques for Resource-Constrained IoT Architectures: A Literature Review

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