CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions Embodied in International Trade and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for OECD and Non-OECD Countries

This study examined the relationship between CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in international trade and economic growth for OECD and non-OECD countries between 2005 and 2015. Unlike the traditional environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, which does not account for trade patterns,...

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Autor principal:	Hyunsoo Kang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	CO<sub>2</sub> embodied in trade economic growth the EKC hypothesis pollution haven Granger causality Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d4ff7e894fb044f39dd2f80e37af5e5c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d4ff7e894fb044f39dd2f80e37af5e5c2021-11-11T19:44:37ZCO<sub>2</sub> Emissions Embodied in International Trade and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for OECD and Non-OECD Countries10.3390/su1321121142071-1050https://doaj.org/article/d4ff7e894fb044f39dd2f80e37af5e5c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/12114https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050This study examined the relationship between CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in international trade and economic growth for OECD and non-OECD countries between 2005 and 2015. Unlike the traditional environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, which does not account for trade patterns, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in trade balances were adopted in several models. To analyze the panel series, this study utilized econometric procedures: panel regression, the panel unit root test, the panel cointegration test, and panel Granger causality. To investigate evidence supporting the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH), this study constructed an equation including CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in net exports as a proportion of consumption. The results from the panel regression model validated the EKC hypothesis, even considering the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in trade. Results of the panel unit root, panel cointegration, and Granger causality tests showed that CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in trade and economic growth have bi-directional Granger causality. This study provided evidence for the PHH, although some upper countries of net exporters or net importers for CO<sub>2</sub> emissions can be observed. This study highlighted the need to intensify international cooperation to decrease environmental pollutants in both developed and developing countries, and considered the importance of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in trade by expanding globalization.Hyunsoo KangMDPI AGarticleCO<sub>2</sub> embodied in tradeeconomic growththe EKC hypothesispollution havenGranger causalityEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12114, p 12114 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	CO<sub>2</sub> embodied in trade economic growth the EKC hypothesis pollution haven Granger causality Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	CO<sub>2</sub> embodied in trade economic growth the EKC hypothesis pollution haven Granger causality Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Hyunsoo Kang CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions Embodied in International Trade and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for OECD and Non-OECD Countries
description	This study examined the relationship between CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in international trade and economic growth for OECD and non-OECD countries between 2005 and 2015. Unlike the traditional environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, which does not account for trade patterns, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in trade balances were adopted in several models. To analyze the panel series, this study utilized econometric procedures: panel regression, the panel unit root test, the panel cointegration test, and panel Granger causality. To investigate evidence supporting the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH), this study constructed an equation including CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in net exports as a proportion of consumption. The results from the panel regression model validated the EKC hypothesis, even considering the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in trade. Results of the panel unit root, panel cointegration, and Granger causality tests showed that CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in trade and economic growth have bi-directional Granger causality. This study provided evidence for the PHH, although some upper countries of net exporters or net importers for CO<sub>2</sub> emissions can be observed. This study highlighted the need to intensify international cooperation to decrease environmental pollutants in both developed and developing countries, and considered the importance of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in trade by expanding globalization.
format	article
author	Hyunsoo Kang
author_facet	Hyunsoo Kang
author_sort	Hyunsoo Kang
title	CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions Embodied in International Trade and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for OECD and Non-OECD Countries
title_short	CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions Embodied in International Trade and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for OECD and Non-OECD Countries
title_full	CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions Embodied in International Trade and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for OECD and Non-OECD Countries
title_fullStr	CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions Embodied in International Trade and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for OECD and Non-OECD Countries
title_full_unstemmed	CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions Embodied in International Trade and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for OECD and Non-OECD Countries
title_sort	co<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in international trade and economic growth: empirical evidence for oecd and non-oecd countries
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d4ff7e894fb044f39dd2f80e37af5e5c
work_keys_str_mv	AT hyunsookang cosub2subemissionsembodiedininternationaltradeandeconomicgrowthempiricalevidenceforoecdandnonoecdcountries
_version_	1718431438762672128

CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions Embodied in International Trade and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for OECD and Non-OECD Countries

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