The Impacts of Coordinated-Bilateral Ball Skills Intervention on Attention and Concentration, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness among Fourth-Grade Students

Background: Both cognitive function and cardiorespiratory fitness are significant correlates of physical and mental health. The exploration of innovative school-based PA intervention strategies to improve cognitive function and cardiorespiratory fitness is of great interest for researchers and schoo...

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Autores principales:	Weiyun Chen, Xiaozan Wang, Xiangli Gu, Jun Chen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	coordinated aerobic movements coordinated-bilateral ball skills coordinated-bilateral motor skills cognitive attention cardiorespiratory fitness Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d52fb26c67d647b8b7168a8e83562465
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d52fb26c67d647b8b7168a8e835624652021-11-11T16:44:12ZThe Impacts of Coordinated-Bilateral Ball Skills Intervention on Attention and Concentration, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness among Fourth-Grade Students10.3390/ijerph1821116341660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/d52fb26c67d647b8b7168a8e835624652021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11634https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601Background: Both cognitive function and cardiorespiratory fitness are significant correlates of physical and mental health. The exploration of innovative school-based PA intervention strategies to improve cognitive function and cardiorespiratory fitness is of great interest for researchers and school educators. This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of the coordinated-bilateral ball skills (CBBS) intervention in improving cognitive function and cardiorespiratory fitness among 4th-grade students. Methods: This study used a two-arm, quasi-experimental research design. The students (<i>n</i> = 347) in the intervention group received 16-weeks of CBBS intervention lessons in basketball and soccer. The students (<i>n</i> = 348) in the comparison group received 16-weeks of regular basketball and soccer lessons. All participants were pre- and post-tested with the d2 Test of Attention and the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test before and after the 16-week CBBS intervention. The data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and linear mixed models. Results: The linear mixed models yielded a marginal significant interaction effect of time with the group in their concentration (<i>F</i><sub>(1, 680.130)</sub> = 3.272, <i>p</i> = 0.071) and a significant interaction effect of time with the group in their attention span (<i>F</i><sub>(1, 785.108)</sub> = 4.836, <i>p</i> = 0.028) while controlling for age and the baseline concentration score. The linear mixed model also revealed a significant main effect of time in focused attention (<i>F</i><sub>(1670.605)</sub> = 550.096, <i>p</i> = 0.000), attention accuracy (<i>F</i><sub>(1, 663.124)</sub> = 61.542, <i>p</i> = 0.000), and cardiorespiratory fitness (<i>F</i><sub>(1, 680.336)</sub> = 28.145, <i>p</i> = 0.000), but no significant interaction effect. Conclusions: The CBBS group demonstrated a significant improvement in concentration performance and attention span over time, compared to the comparison group. Both groups improved their focused attention and attention accuracy as well as cardiorespiratory fitness over time. This study suggests that teaching ball skills in team sports for extended periods is instrumental to developing cognitive functions and cardiorespiratory fitness, though the CBBS lessons resulted in greater improvement in concentration performance and attention span.Weiyun ChenXiaozan WangXiangli GuJun ChenMDPI AGarticlecoordinated aerobic movementscoordinated-bilateral ball skillscoordinated-bilateral motor skillscognitive attentioncardiorespiratory fitnessMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11634, p 11634 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	coordinated aerobic movements coordinated-bilateral ball skills coordinated-bilateral motor skills cognitive attention cardiorespiratory fitness Medicine R
spellingShingle	coordinated aerobic movements coordinated-bilateral ball skills coordinated-bilateral motor skills cognitive attention cardiorespiratory fitness Medicine R Weiyun Chen Xiaozan Wang Xiangli Gu Jun Chen The Impacts of Coordinated-Bilateral Ball Skills Intervention on Attention and Concentration, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness among Fourth-Grade Students
description	Background: Both cognitive function and cardiorespiratory fitness are significant correlates of physical and mental health. The exploration of innovative school-based PA intervention strategies to improve cognitive function and cardiorespiratory fitness is of great interest for researchers and school educators. This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of the coordinated-bilateral ball skills (CBBS) intervention in improving cognitive function and cardiorespiratory fitness among 4th-grade students. Methods: This study used a two-arm, quasi-experimental research design. The students (<i>n</i> = 347) in the intervention group received 16-weeks of CBBS intervention lessons in basketball and soccer. The students (<i>n</i> = 348) in the comparison group received 16-weeks of regular basketball and soccer lessons. All participants were pre- and post-tested with the d2 Test of Attention and the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test before and after the 16-week CBBS intervention. The data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and linear mixed models. Results: The linear mixed models yielded a marginal significant interaction effect of time with the group in their concentration (<i>F</i><sub>(1, 680.130)</sub> = 3.272, <i>p</i> = 0.071) and a significant interaction effect of time with the group in their attention span (<i>F</i><sub>(1, 785.108)</sub> = 4.836, <i>p</i> = 0.028) while controlling for age and the baseline concentration score. The linear mixed model also revealed a significant main effect of time in focused attention (<i>F</i><sub>(1670.605)</sub> = 550.096, <i>p</i> = 0.000), attention accuracy (<i>F</i><sub>(1, 663.124)</sub> = 61.542, <i>p</i> = 0.000), and cardiorespiratory fitness (<i>F</i><sub>(1, 680.336)</sub> = 28.145, <i>p</i> = 0.000), but no significant interaction effect. Conclusions: The CBBS group demonstrated a significant improvement in concentration performance and attention span over time, compared to the comparison group. Both groups improved their focused attention and attention accuracy as well as cardiorespiratory fitness over time. This study suggests that teaching ball skills in team sports for extended periods is instrumental to developing cognitive functions and cardiorespiratory fitness, though the CBBS lessons resulted in greater improvement in concentration performance and attention span.
format	article
author	Weiyun Chen Xiaozan Wang Xiangli Gu Jun Chen
author_facet	Weiyun Chen Xiaozan Wang Xiangli Gu Jun Chen
author_sort	Weiyun Chen
title	The Impacts of Coordinated-Bilateral Ball Skills Intervention on Attention and Concentration, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness among Fourth-Grade Students
title_short	The Impacts of Coordinated-Bilateral Ball Skills Intervention on Attention and Concentration, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness among Fourth-Grade Students
title_full	The Impacts of Coordinated-Bilateral Ball Skills Intervention on Attention and Concentration, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness among Fourth-Grade Students
title_fullStr	The Impacts of Coordinated-Bilateral Ball Skills Intervention on Attention and Concentration, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness among Fourth-Grade Students
title_full_unstemmed	The Impacts of Coordinated-Bilateral Ball Skills Intervention on Attention and Concentration, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness among Fourth-Grade Students
title_sort	impacts of coordinated-bilateral ball skills intervention on attention and concentration, and cardiorespiratory fitness among fourth-grade students
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d52fb26c67d647b8b7168a8e83562465
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The Impacts of Coordinated-Bilateral Ball Skills Intervention on Attention and Concentration, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness among Fourth-Grade Students

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