Predation threats for a 24-h period activated the extension of axons in the brains of Xenopus tadpoles

Abstract The threat of predation is a driving force in the evolution of animals. We have previously reported that Xenopus laevis enhanced their tail muscles and increased their swimming speeds in the presence of Japanese larval salamander predators. Herein, we investigated the induced gene expressio...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales:	Tsukasa Mori, Yoichiro Kitani, Den Hatakeyama, Kazumasa Machida, Naoko Goto-Inoue, Satoshi Hayakawa, Naoyuki Yamamoto, Keiko Kashiwagi, Akihiko Kashiwagi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2020
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d538df15c43c4b1cb6e5371a8d14c38c
Etiquetas:	Agregar Etiqueta Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!

id	oai:doaj.org-article:d538df15c43c4b1cb6e5371a8d14c38c
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d538df15c43c4b1cb6e5371a8d14c38c2021-12-02T15:32:59ZPredation threats for a 24-h period activated the extension of axons in the brains of Xenopus tadpoles10.1038/s41598-020-67975-72045-2322https://doaj.org/article/d538df15c43c4b1cb6e5371a8d14c38c2020-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67975-7https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The threat of predation is a driving force in the evolution of animals. We have previously reported that Xenopus laevis enhanced their tail muscles and increased their swimming speeds in the presence of Japanese larval salamander predators. Herein, we investigated the induced gene expression changes in the brains of tadpoles under the threat of predation using 3′-tag digital gene expression profiling. We found that many muscle genes were expressed after 24 h of exposure to predation. Ingenuity pathway analysis further showed that after 24 h of a predation threat, various signal transduction genes were stimulated, such as those affecting the actin cytoskeleton and CREB pathways, and that these might increase microtubule dynamics, axonogenesis, cognition, and memory. To verify the increase in microtubule dynamics, DiI was inserted through the tadpole nostrils. Extension of the axons was clearly observed from the nostril to the diencephalon and was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.0001) after 24 h of exposure to predation, compared with that of the control. The dynamic changes in the signal transductions appeared to bring about new connections in the neural networks, as suggested by the microtubule dynamics. These connections may result in improved memory and cognition abilities, and subsequently increase survivability.Tsukasa MoriYoichiro KitaniDen HatakeyamaKazumasa MachidaNaoko Goto-InoueSatoshi HayakawaNaoyuki YamamotoKeiko KashiwagiAkihiko KashiwagiNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Tsukasa Mori Yoichiro Kitani Den Hatakeyama Kazumasa Machida Naoko Goto-Inoue Satoshi Hayakawa Naoyuki Yamamoto Keiko Kashiwagi Akihiko Kashiwagi Predation threats for a 24-h period activated the extension of axons in the brains of Xenopus tadpoles
description	Abstract The threat of predation is a driving force in the evolution of animals. We have previously reported that Xenopus laevis enhanced their tail muscles and increased their swimming speeds in the presence of Japanese larval salamander predators. Herein, we investigated the induced gene expression changes in the brains of tadpoles under the threat of predation using 3′-tag digital gene expression profiling. We found that many muscle genes were expressed after 24 h of exposure to predation. Ingenuity pathway analysis further showed that after 24 h of a predation threat, various signal transduction genes were stimulated, such as those affecting the actin cytoskeleton and CREB pathways, and that these might increase microtubule dynamics, axonogenesis, cognition, and memory. To verify the increase in microtubule dynamics, DiI was inserted through the tadpole nostrils. Extension of the axons was clearly observed from the nostril to the diencephalon and was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.0001) after 24 h of exposure to predation, compared with that of the control. The dynamic changes in the signal transductions appeared to bring about new connections in the neural networks, as suggested by the microtubule dynamics. These connections may result in improved memory and cognition abilities, and subsequently increase survivability.
format	article
author	Tsukasa Mori Yoichiro Kitani Den Hatakeyama Kazumasa Machida Naoko Goto-Inoue Satoshi Hayakawa Naoyuki Yamamoto Keiko Kashiwagi Akihiko Kashiwagi
author_facet	Tsukasa Mori Yoichiro Kitani Den Hatakeyama Kazumasa Machida Naoko Goto-Inoue Satoshi Hayakawa Naoyuki Yamamoto Keiko Kashiwagi Akihiko Kashiwagi
author_sort	Tsukasa Mori
title	Predation threats for a 24-h period activated the extension of axons in the brains of Xenopus tadpoles
title_short	Predation threats for a 24-h period activated the extension of axons in the brains of Xenopus tadpoles
title_full	Predation threats for a 24-h period activated the extension of axons in the brains of Xenopus tadpoles
title_fullStr	Predation threats for a 24-h period activated the extension of axons in the brains of Xenopus tadpoles
title_full_unstemmed	Predation threats for a 24-h period activated the extension of axons in the brains of Xenopus tadpoles
title_sort	predation threats for a 24-h period activated the extension of axons in the brains of xenopus tadpoles
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/d538df15c43c4b1cb6e5371a8d14c38c
work_keys_str_mv	AT tsukasamori predationthreatsfora24hperiodactivatedtheextensionofaxonsinthebrainsofxenopustadpoles AT yoichirokitani predationthreatsfora24hperiodactivatedtheextensionofaxonsinthebrainsofxenopustadpoles AT denhatakeyama predationthreatsfora24hperiodactivatedtheextensionofaxonsinthebrainsofxenopustadpoles AT kazumasamachida predationthreatsfora24hperiodactivatedtheextensionofaxonsinthebrainsofxenopustadpoles AT naokogotoinoue predationthreatsfora24hperiodactivatedtheextensionofaxonsinthebrainsofxenopustadpoles AT satoshihayakawa predationthreatsfora24hperiodactivatedtheextensionofaxonsinthebrainsofxenopustadpoles AT naoyukiyamamoto predationthreatsfora24hperiodactivatedtheextensionofaxonsinthebrainsofxenopustadpoles AT keikokashiwagi predationthreatsfora24hperiodactivatedtheextensionofaxonsinthebrainsofxenopustadpoles AT akihikokashiwagi predationthreatsfora24hperiodactivatedtheextensionofaxonsinthebrainsofxenopustadpoles
_version_	1718387172829036544

Predation threats for a 24-h period activated the extension of axons in the brains of Xenopus tadpoles

Ejemplares similares