Mapping connectivity damage in the case of Phineas Gage.

White matter (WM) mapping of the human brain using neuroimaging techniques has gained considerable interest in the neuroscience community. Using diffusion weighted (DWI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), WM fiber pathways between brain regions may be systematically assessed to make inferences co...

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Autores principales:	John Darrell Van Horn, Andrei Irimia, Carinna M Torgerson, Micah C Chambers, Ron Kikinis, Arthur W Toga
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d56501fef2c94f20a1e670fb708985f0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d56501fef2c94f20a1e670fb708985f02021-11-18T07:18:25ZMapping connectivity damage in the case of Phineas Gage.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0037454https://doaj.org/article/d56501fef2c94f20a1e670fb708985f02012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22616011/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203White matter (WM) mapping of the human brain using neuroimaging techniques has gained considerable interest in the neuroscience community. Using diffusion weighted (DWI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), WM fiber pathways between brain regions may be systematically assessed to make inferences concerning their role in normal brain function, influence on behavior, as well as concerning the consequences of network-level brain damage. In this paper, we investigate the detailed connectomics in a noted example of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) which has proved important to and controversial in the history of neuroscience. We model the WM damage in the notable case of Phineas P. Gage, in whom a "tamping iron" was accidentally shot through his skull and brain, resulting in profound behavioral changes. The specific effects of this injury on Mr. Gage's WM connectivity have not previously been considered in detail. Using computed tomography (CT) image data of the Gage skull in conjunction with modern anatomical MRI and diffusion imaging data obtained in contemporary right handed male subjects (aged 25-36), we computationally simulate the passage of the iron through the skull on the basis of reported and observed skull fiducial landmarks and assess the extent of cortical gray matter (GM) and WM damage. Specifically, we find that while considerable damage was, indeed, localized to the left frontal cortex, the impact on measures of network connectedness between directly affected and other brain areas was profound, widespread, and a probable contributor to both the reported acute as well as long-term behavioral changes. Yet, while significantly affecting several likely network hubs, damage to Mr. Gage's WM network may not have been more severe than expected from that of a similarly sized "average" brain lesion. These results provide new insight into the remarkable brain injury experienced by this noteworthy patient.John Darrell Van HornAndrei IrimiaCarinna M TorgersonMicah C ChambersRon KikinisArthur W TogaPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 5, p e37454 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q John Darrell Van Horn Andrei Irimia Carinna M Torgerson Micah C Chambers Ron Kikinis Arthur W Toga Mapping connectivity damage in the case of Phineas Gage.
description	White matter (WM) mapping of the human brain using neuroimaging techniques has gained considerable interest in the neuroscience community. Using diffusion weighted (DWI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), WM fiber pathways between brain regions may be systematically assessed to make inferences concerning their role in normal brain function, influence on behavior, as well as concerning the consequences of network-level brain damage. In this paper, we investigate the detailed connectomics in a noted example of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) which has proved important to and controversial in the history of neuroscience. We model the WM damage in the notable case of Phineas P. Gage, in whom a "tamping iron" was accidentally shot through his skull and brain, resulting in profound behavioral changes. The specific effects of this injury on Mr. Gage's WM connectivity have not previously been considered in detail. Using computed tomography (CT) image data of the Gage skull in conjunction with modern anatomical MRI and diffusion imaging data obtained in contemporary right handed male subjects (aged 25-36), we computationally simulate the passage of the iron through the skull on the basis of reported and observed skull fiducial landmarks and assess the extent of cortical gray matter (GM) and WM damage. Specifically, we find that while considerable damage was, indeed, localized to the left frontal cortex, the impact on measures of network connectedness between directly affected and other brain areas was profound, widespread, and a probable contributor to both the reported acute as well as long-term behavioral changes. Yet, while significantly affecting several likely network hubs, damage to Mr. Gage's WM network may not have been more severe than expected from that of a similarly sized "average" brain lesion. These results provide new insight into the remarkable brain injury experienced by this noteworthy patient.
format	article
author	John Darrell Van Horn Andrei Irimia Carinna M Torgerson Micah C Chambers Ron Kikinis Arthur W Toga
author_facet	John Darrell Van Horn Andrei Irimia Carinna M Torgerson Micah C Chambers Ron Kikinis Arthur W Toga
author_sort	John Darrell Van Horn
title	Mapping connectivity damage in the case of Phineas Gage.
title_short	Mapping connectivity damage in the case of Phineas Gage.
title_full	Mapping connectivity damage in the case of Phineas Gage.
title_fullStr	Mapping connectivity damage in the case of Phineas Gage.
title_full_unstemmed	Mapping connectivity damage in the case of Phineas Gage.
title_sort	mapping connectivity damage in the case of phineas gage.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/d56501fef2c94f20a1e670fb708985f0
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Mapping connectivity damage in the case of Phineas Gage.

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