Preparation of coffee oil-algae oil-based nanoemulsions and the study of their inhibition effect on UVA-induced skin damage in mice and melanoma cell growth

Chu-Ching Yang,1,* Chi-Feng Hung,2,* Bing-Huei Chen1 1Department of Food Science, 2School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Coffee grounds, a waste by-product generated after making coffee, contains approximately 15%...

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Autores principales:	Yang CC, Hung CF, Chen BH
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2017
Materias:	coffee ground coffee oil-algae oil nanoemulsion DHA melanoma cell apoptosis mice skin protection GC-MS Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d5c0bed45cd24a318542fd03b69e4996
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d5c0bed45cd24a318542fd03b69e49962021-12-02T06:46:22ZPreparation of coffee oil-algae oil-based nanoemulsions and the study of their inhibition effect on UVA-induced skin damage in mice and melanoma cell growth1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/d5c0bed45cd24a318542fd03b69e49962017-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/preparation-of-coffee-oil-algae-oil-based-nanoemulsions-and-the-study--peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Chu-Ching Yang,1,* Chi-Feng Hung,2,* Bing-Huei Chen1 1Department of Food Science, 2School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Coffee grounds, a waste by-product generated after making coffee, contains approximately 15% coffee oil which can be used as a raw material in cosmetics. Algae oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been demonstrated to possess anticancer and anti-inflammation functions. The objectives of this study were to develop a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the determination of fatty acids in coffee oil and algae oil and prepare a nanoemulsion for studying its inhibition effect on ultraviolet A-induced skin damage in mice and growth of melanoma cells B16-F10. A total of 8 and 5 fatty acids were separated and quantified in coffee oil and algae oil by GC-MS, respectively, with linoleic acid (39.8%) dominating in the former and DHA (33.9%) in the latter. A nanoemulsion with a particle size of 30 nm, zeta potential -72.72 mV, and DHA encapsulation efficiency 100% was prepared by using coffee oil, algae oil, surfactant (20% Span 80 and 80% Tween 80), and deionized water. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed a high stability of nanoemulsion when heated up to 110°C at a pH 6, whereas no significant changes in particle size distribution and pH occurred over a 90-day storage period at 4°C. Animal experiments showed that a dose of 0.1% coffee oil-algae oil nanoemulsion was effective in mitigating trans-epidermal water loss, skin erythema, melanin formation, and subcutaneous blood flow. Cytotoxicity test implied effective inhibition of melanoma cell growth by nanoemulsion with an IC50 value of 26.5 µg/mL and the cell cycle arrested at G2/M phase. A dose-dependent upregulation of p53, p21, cyclin B, and cyclin A expressions and downregulation of CDK1 and CDK2 occurred. Also, both Bax and cytochrome c expressions were upregulated and bcl-2 expression downregulated, accompanied by a rise in caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities for apoptosis execution. Collectively, the apoptosis pathway of melanoma cells B16-F10 may involve both mitochondria and death receptor. Keywords: coffee ground, coffee oil-algae oil nanoemulsion, DHA, melanoma cell apoptosis, mouse skin protection, GC-MSYang CCHung CFChen BHDove Medical Pressarticlecoffee groundcoffee oil-algae oil nanoemulsionDHAmelanoma cell apoptosismice skin protectionGC-MSMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 12, Pp 6559-6580 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	coffee ground coffee oil-algae oil nanoemulsion DHA melanoma cell apoptosis mice skin protection GC-MS Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	coffee ground coffee oil-algae oil nanoemulsion DHA melanoma cell apoptosis mice skin protection GC-MS Medicine (General) R5-920 Yang CC Hung CF Chen BH Preparation of coffee oil-algae oil-based nanoemulsions and the study of their inhibition effect on UVA-induced skin damage in mice and melanoma cell growth
description	Chu-Ching Yang,1,* Chi-Feng Hung,2,* Bing-Huei Chen1 1Department of Food Science, 2School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Coffee grounds, a waste by-product generated after making coffee, contains approximately 15% coffee oil which can be used as a raw material in cosmetics. Algae oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been demonstrated to possess anticancer and anti-inflammation functions. The objectives of this study were to develop a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the determination of fatty acids in coffee oil and algae oil and prepare a nanoemulsion for studying its inhibition effect on ultraviolet A-induced skin damage in mice and growth of melanoma cells B16-F10. A total of 8 and 5 fatty acids were separated and quantified in coffee oil and algae oil by GC-MS, respectively, with linoleic acid (39.8%) dominating in the former and DHA (33.9%) in the latter. A nanoemulsion with a particle size of 30 nm, zeta potential -72.72 mV, and DHA encapsulation efficiency 100% was prepared by using coffee oil, algae oil, surfactant (20% Span 80 and 80% Tween 80), and deionized water. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed a high stability of nanoemulsion when heated up to 110°C at a pH 6, whereas no significant changes in particle size distribution and pH occurred over a 90-day storage period at 4°C. Animal experiments showed that a dose of 0.1% coffee oil-algae oil nanoemulsion was effective in mitigating trans-epidermal water loss, skin erythema, melanin formation, and subcutaneous blood flow. Cytotoxicity test implied effective inhibition of melanoma cell growth by nanoemulsion with an IC50 value of 26.5 µg/mL and the cell cycle arrested at G2/M phase. A dose-dependent upregulation of p53, p21, cyclin B, and cyclin A expressions and downregulation of CDK1 and CDK2 occurred. Also, both Bax and cytochrome c expressions were upregulated and bcl-2 expression downregulated, accompanied by a rise in caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities for apoptosis execution. Collectively, the apoptosis pathway of melanoma cells B16-F10 may involve both mitochondria and death receptor. Keywords: coffee ground, coffee oil-algae oil nanoemulsion, DHA, melanoma cell apoptosis, mouse skin protection, GC-MS
format	article
author	Yang CC Hung CF Chen BH
author_facet	Yang CC Hung CF Chen BH
author_sort	Yang CC
title	Preparation of coffee oil-algae oil-based nanoemulsions and the study of their inhibition effect on UVA-induced skin damage in mice and melanoma cell growth
title_short	Preparation of coffee oil-algae oil-based nanoemulsions and the study of their inhibition effect on UVA-induced skin damage in mice and melanoma cell growth
title_full	Preparation of coffee oil-algae oil-based nanoemulsions and the study of their inhibition effect on UVA-induced skin damage in mice and melanoma cell growth
title_fullStr	Preparation of coffee oil-algae oil-based nanoemulsions and the study of their inhibition effect on UVA-induced skin damage in mice and melanoma cell growth
title_full_unstemmed	Preparation of coffee oil-algae oil-based nanoemulsions and the study of their inhibition effect on UVA-induced skin damage in mice and melanoma cell growth
title_sort	preparation of coffee oil-algae oil-based nanoemulsions and the study of their inhibition effect on uva-induced skin damage in mice and melanoma cell growth
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/d5c0bed45cd24a318542fd03b69e4996
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Preparation of coffee oil-algae oil-based nanoemulsions and the study of their inhibition effect on UVA-induced skin damage in mice and melanoma cell growth

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