Adaptation of Temperate Seagrass to Arctic Light Relies on Seasonal Acclimatization of Carbon Capture and Metabolism

Due to rising global surface temperatures, Arctic habitats are becoming thermally suitable for temperate species. Whether a temperate species can immigrate into an ice-free Arctic depends on its ability to tolerate extreme seasonal fluctuations in daylength. Thus, understanding adaptations to polar...

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Autores principales:	Alexander Jueterbock, Bernardo Duarte, James Coyer, Jeanine L. Olsen, Martina Elisabeth Luise Kopp, Irina Smolina, Sophie Arnaud-Haond, Zi-Min Hu, Galice Hoarau
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	eelgrass (Zostera marina) climate change Arctic light respiration photosynthesis carbon capture Plant culture SB1-1110
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d5e56ffa023e486eaa5af76d8e92b402
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d5e56ffa023e486eaa5af76d8e92b4022021-12-02T13:08:05ZAdaptation of Temperate Seagrass to Arctic Light Relies on Seasonal Acclimatization of Carbon Capture and Metabolism1664-462X10.3389/fpls.2021.745855https://doaj.org/article/d5e56ffa023e486eaa5af76d8e92b4022021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.745855/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-462XDue to rising global surface temperatures, Arctic habitats are becoming thermally suitable for temperate species. Whether a temperate species can immigrate into an ice-free Arctic depends on its ability to tolerate extreme seasonal fluctuations in daylength. Thus, understanding adaptations to polar light conditions can improve the realism of models predicting poleward range expansions in response to climate change. Plant adaptations to polar light have rarely been studied and remain unknown in seagrasses. If these ecosystem engineers can migrate polewards, seagrasses will enrich biodiversity, and carbon capture potential in shallow coastal regions of the Arctic. Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is the most widely distributed seagrass in the northern hemisphere. As the only seagrass species growing as far north as 70°N, it is the most likely candidate to first immigrate into an ice-free Arctic. Here, we describe seasonal (and diurnal) changes in photosynthetic characteristics, and in genome-wide gene expression patterns under strong annual fluctuations of daylength. We compared PAM measurements and RNA-seq data between two populations at the longest and shortest day of the year: (1) a Mediterranean population exposed to moderate annual fluctuations of 10–14 h daylength and (2) an Arctic population exposed to high annual fluctuations of 0–24 h daylength. Most of the gene expression specificities of the Arctic population were found in functions of the organelles (chloroplast and mitochondrion). In winter, Arctic eelgrass conserves energy by repressing respiration and reducing photosynthetic energy fluxes. Although light-reactions, and genes involved in carbon capture and carbon storage were upregulated in summer, enzymes involved in CO2 fixation and chlorophyll-synthesis were upregulated in winter, suggesting that winter metabolism relies not only on stored energy resources but also on active use of dim light conditions. Eelgrass is unable to use excessive amounts of light during summer and demonstrates a significant reduction in photosynthetic performance under long daylengths, possibly to prevent photoinhibition constrains. Our study identified key mechanisms that allow eelgrass to survive under Arctic light conditions and paves the way for experimental research to predict whether and up to which latitude eelgrass can potentially migrate polewards in response to climate change.Alexander JueterbockBernardo DuarteBernardo DuarteJames CoyerJeanine L. OlsenMartina Elisabeth Luise KoppIrina SmolinaSophie Arnaud-HaondZi-Min HuGalice HoarauFrontiers Media S.A.articleeelgrass (Zostera marina)climate changeArctic lightrespirationphotosynthesiscarbon capturePlant cultureSB1-1110ENFrontiers in Plant Science, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	eelgrass (Zostera marina) climate change Arctic light respiration photosynthesis carbon capture Plant culture SB1-1110
spellingShingle	eelgrass (Zostera marina) climate change Arctic light respiration photosynthesis carbon capture Plant culture SB1-1110 Alexander Jueterbock Bernardo Duarte Bernardo Duarte James Coyer Jeanine L. Olsen Martina Elisabeth Luise Kopp Irina Smolina Sophie Arnaud-Haond Zi-Min Hu Galice Hoarau Adaptation of Temperate Seagrass to Arctic Light Relies on Seasonal Acclimatization of Carbon Capture and Metabolism
description	Due to rising global surface temperatures, Arctic habitats are becoming thermally suitable for temperate species. Whether a temperate species can immigrate into an ice-free Arctic depends on its ability to tolerate extreme seasonal fluctuations in daylength. Thus, understanding adaptations to polar light conditions can improve the realism of models predicting poleward range expansions in response to climate change. Plant adaptations to polar light have rarely been studied and remain unknown in seagrasses. If these ecosystem engineers can migrate polewards, seagrasses will enrich biodiversity, and carbon capture potential in shallow coastal regions of the Arctic. Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is the most widely distributed seagrass in the northern hemisphere. As the only seagrass species growing as far north as 70°N, it is the most likely candidate to first immigrate into an ice-free Arctic. Here, we describe seasonal (and diurnal) changes in photosynthetic characteristics, and in genome-wide gene expression patterns under strong annual fluctuations of daylength. We compared PAM measurements and RNA-seq data between two populations at the longest and shortest day of the year: (1) a Mediterranean population exposed to moderate annual fluctuations of 10–14 h daylength and (2) an Arctic population exposed to high annual fluctuations of 0–24 h daylength. Most of the gene expression specificities of the Arctic population were found in functions of the organelles (chloroplast and mitochondrion). In winter, Arctic eelgrass conserves energy by repressing respiration and reducing photosynthetic energy fluxes. Although light-reactions, and genes involved in carbon capture and carbon storage were upregulated in summer, enzymes involved in CO2 fixation and chlorophyll-synthesis were upregulated in winter, suggesting that winter metabolism relies not only on stored energy resources but also on active use of dim light conditions. Eelgrass is unable to use excessive amounts of light during summer and demonstrates a significant reduction in photosynthetic performance under long daylengths, possibly to prevent photoinhibition constrains. Our study identified key mechanisms that allow eelgrass to survive under Arctic light conditions and paves the way for experimental research to predict whether and up to which latitude eelgrass can potentially migrate polewards in response to climate change.
format	article
author	Alexander Jueterbock Bernardo Duarte Bernardo Duarte James Coyer Jeanine L. Olsen Martina Elisabeth Luise Kopp Irina Smolina Sophie Arnaud-Haond Zi-Min Hu Galice Hoarau
author_facet	Alexander Jueterbock Bernardo Duarte Bernardo Duarte James Coyer Jeanine L. Olsen Martina Elisabeth Luise Kopp Irina Smolina Sophie Arnaud-Haond Zi-Min Hu Galice Hoarau
author_sort	Alexander Jueterbock
title	Adaptation of Temperate Seagrass to Arctic Light Relies on Seasonal Acclimatization of Carbon Capture and Metabolism
title_short	Adaptation of Temperate Seagrass to Arctic Light Relies on Seasonal Acclimatization of Carbon Capture and Metabolism
title_full	Adaptation of Temperate Seagrass to Arctic Light Relies on Seasonal Acclimatization of Carbon Capture and Metabolism
title_fullStr	Adaptation of Temperate Seagrass to Arctic Light Relies on Seasonal Acclimatization of Carbon Capture and Metabolism
title_full_unstemmed	Adaptation of Temperate Seagrass to Arctic Light Relies on Seasonal Acclimatization of Carbon Capture and Metabolism
title_sort	adaptation of temperate seagrass to arctic light relies on seasonal acclimatization of carbon capture and metabolism
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d5e56ffa023e486eaa5af76d8e92b402
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Adaptation of Temperate Seagrass to Arctic Light Relies on Seasonal Acclimatization of Carbon Capture and Metabolism

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