Discovery of Polyvalent Myovirus (vB_STM-2) Phage as a Natural Antimicrobial System to Lysis and Biofilm Removal of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium Isolates from Various Food Sources

New and natural antimicrobials as an alternative control system are now an urgent need to overcome stubborn bacterial infections. <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium has become the most frequent serovar responsible for salmonellosis in humans around the world. The high antimicrobial resistance...

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Autores principales:	Iman M. A. Abdelhadi, Ahmed R. Sofy, Ahmed A. Hmed, Ehab E. Refaey, Hany E. Soweha, Mohamed A. Abbas
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium multidrug-resistant bacteriophages phages vB_STM-2 Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d5f86cdbfef64778ad4422b897c0fe94
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d5f86cdbfef64778ad4422b897c0fe942021-11-11T19:21:53ZDiscovery of Polyvalent Myovirus (vB_STM-2) Phage as a Natural Antimicrobial System to Lysis and Biofilm Removal of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium Isolates from Various Food Sources10.3390/su1321116022071-1050https://doaj.org/article/d5f86cdbfef64778ad4422b897c0fe942021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/11602https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050New and natural antimicrobials as an alternative control system are now an urgent need to overcome stubborn bacterial infections. <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium has become the most frequent serovar responsible for salmonellosis in humans around the world. The high antimicrobial resistance and biofilm production make this pathogen more dangerous. We aimed to isolate a broad lytic phage to prevent <i>Salmonella</i> infection and reduce its biofilms. Using <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium (ST-4) as a host, seven phages were isolated, and only three phages showed clear lytic plaques, two members of the <i>Siphoviridae</i> family (vB_STS-1 and vB_STS-3) and one of the <i>Myoviridae</i> family (vB_STM-2). The vB_STM-2 phage was the most potent broad lytic phage, infecting 100% of tested <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium serovars and non-<i>Salmonella</i> strains. Additionally, the vB_STM-2 phage was thermostable at −20 to 55 °C up to 24 h, while at 65 and 75 °C, a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) titer reduction was observed after 7 days. Moreover, the phage seemed to be stable at different pHs (4–11) after one to twelve hours (hrs), while increasing the time made the phage more sensitive to the alkaline medium rather than the acidic medium. Interestingly, the vB_STM-2 phage had the capacity to diminish or eradicate the biofilms of tested <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium, e.g., ST-4, ST-19, ST-30, ST-37, ST-45 and ST-49 by 81.2%, 76.4%, 43.6%, 41%, 39.8% and 93.4%, respectively, at a titer concentration of 10<sup>6</sup> PFU/mL. Eventually, the vB_STM-2 phage showed significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) efficacy in the elimination of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium (ST-4) from contaminated chicken breasts at both storage periods with high titer stability. The <i>Salmonella</i> count showed a severe decline from 7.00 ± 0.63 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup> to 0.88 ± 0.17 log<sup>10</sup> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup> on the seventh day of the short-term storage, and from 5.13 ± 0.44 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup> to 1.10 ± 0.12 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup> on day 27 of the long-term assay. In both periods, the phage titers remained stable, with insignificant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) loss. Therefore, this phage is considered a prime candidate to combat multi-drug-resistant <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium and its biofilms.Iman M. A. AbdelhadiAhmed R. SofyAhmed A. HmedEhab E. RefaeyHany E. SowehaMohamed A. AbbasMDPI AGarticle<i>Salmonella</i> Typhimuriummultidrug-resistantbacteriophagesphagesvB_STM-2Environmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 11602, p 11602 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium multidrug-resistant bacteriophages phages vB_STM-2 Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	<i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium multidrug-resistant bacteriophages phages vB_STM-2 Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Iman M. A. Abdelhadi Ahmed R. Sofy Ahmed A. Hmed Ehab E. Refaey Hany E. Soweha Mohamed A. Abbas Discovery of Polyvalent Myovirus (vB_STM-2) Phage as a Natural Antimicrobial System to Lysis and Biofilm Removal of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium Isolates from Various Food Sources
description	New and natural antimicrobials as an alternative control system are now an urgent need to overcome stubborn bacterial infections. <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium has become the most frequent serovar responsible for salmonellosis in humans around the world. The high antimicrobial resistance and biofilm production make this pathogen more dangerous. We aimed to isolate a broad lytic phage to prevent <i>Salmonella</i> infection and reduce its biofilms. Using <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium (ST-4) as a host, seven phages were isolated, and only three phages showed clear lytic plaques, two members of the <i>Siphoviridae</i> family (vB_STS-1 and vB_STS-3) and one of the <i>Myoviridae</i> family (vB_STM-2). The vB_STM-2 phage was the most potent broad lytic phage, infecting 100% of tested <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium serovars and non-<i>Salmonella</i> strains. Additionally, the vB_STM-2 phage was thermostable at −20 to 55 °C up to 24 h, while at 65 and 75 °C, a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) titer reduction was observed after 7 days. Moreover, the phage seemed to be stable at different pHs (4–11) after one to twelve hours (hrs), while increasing the time made the phage more sensitive to the alkaline medium rather than the acidic medium. Interestingly, the vB_STM-2 phage had the capacity to diminish or eradicate the biofilms of tested <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium, e.g., ST-4, ST-19, ST-30, ST-37, ST-45 and ST-49 by 81.2%, 76.4%, 43.6%, 41%, 39.8% and 93.4%, respectively, at a titer concentration of 10<sup>6</sup> PFU/mL. Eventually, the vB_STM-2 phage showed significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) efficacy in the elimination of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium (ST-4) from contaminated chicken breasts at both storage periods with high titer stability. The <i>Salmonella</i> count showed a severe decline from 7.00 ± 0.63 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup> to 0.88 ± 0.17 log<sup>10</sup> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup> on the seventh day of the short-term storage, and from 5.13 ± 0.44 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup> to 1.10 ± 0.12 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup> on day 27 of the long-term assay. In both periods, the phage titers remained stable, with insignificant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) loss. Therefore, this phage is considered a prime candidate to combat multi-drug-resistant <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium and its biofilms.
format	article
author	Iman M. A. Abdelhadi Ahmed R. Sofy Ahmed A. Hmed Ehab E. Refaey Hany E. Soweha Mohamed A. Abbas
author_facet	Iman M. A. Abdelhadi Ahmed R. Sofy Ahmed A. Hmed Ehab E. Refaey Hany E. Soweha Mohamed A. Abbas
author_sort	Iman M. A. Abdelhadi
title	Discovery of Polyvalent Myovirus (vB_STM-2) Phage as a Natural Antimicrobial System to Lysis and Biofilm Removal of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium Isolates from Various Food Sources
title_short	Discovery of Polyvalent Myovirus (vB_STM-2) Phage as a Natural Antimicrobial System to Lysis and Biofilm Removal of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium Isolates from Various Food Sources
title_full	Discovery of Polyvalent Myovirus (vB_STM-2) Phage as a Natural Antimicrobial System to Lysis and Biofilm Removal of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium Isolates from Various Food Sources
title_fullStr	Discovery of Polyvalent Myovirus (vB_STM-2) Phage as a Natural Antimicrobial System to Lysis and Biofilm Removal of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium Isolates from Various Food Sources
title_full_unstemmed	Discovery of Polyvalent Myovirus (vB_STM-2) Phage as a Natural Antimicrobial System to Lysis and Biofilm Removal of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium Isolates from Various Food Sources
title_sort	discovery of polyvalent myovirus (vb_stm-2) phage as a natural antimicrobial system to lysis and biofilm removal of <i>salmonella</i> typhimurium isolates from various food sources
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d5f86cdbfef64778ad4422b897c0fe94
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Discovery of Polyvalent Myovirus (vB_STM-2) Phage as a Natural Antimicrobial System to Lysis and Biofilm Removal of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium Isolates from Various Food Sources

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