Physiology, Growth, and Productivity of Spring–Summer Black Gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> L. Hepper) as Influenced by Heat and Moisture Stresses in Different Dates of Sowing and Nutrient Management Conditions

Heat and soil moisture stress account for serious abiotic constraint in black gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> (L.) Hepper) production during spring–summer under Gangetic plains of Eastern India. Concurrence of these two can bring about early completion of phenophases that hampers normal metabol...

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Autores principales:	Purabi Banerjee, Visha Kumari Venugopalan, Rajib Nath, Yusuf S. Althobaiti, Ahmed Gaber, Hatim Al-Yasi, Akbar Hossain
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	black gram spring–summer stress date of sowing nutrients productivity Agriculture S
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d6d8fe297b24435e9b8395386f1cfea6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d6d8fe297b24435e9b8395386f1cfea62021-11-25T16:11:43ZPhysiology, Growth, and Productivity of Spring–Summer Black Gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> L. Hepper) as Influenced by Heat and Moisture Stresses in Different Dates of Sowing and Nutrient Management Conditions10.3390/agronomy111123292073-4395https://doaj.org/article/d6d8fe297b24435e9b8395386f1cfea62021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/11/2329https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395Heat and soil moisture stress account for serious abiotic constraint in black gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> (L.) Hepper) production during spring–summer under Gangetic plains of Eastern India. Concurrence of these two can bring about early completion of phenophases that hampers normal metabolism of legumes by disrupting their defense mechanism, leading to poor seed set. The field experiment was conducted with two different sowing dates as the main plot, soil application of cobalt (Co) as subplots and foliar sprays of potassium (K) and boron (B) either alone or in combination as sub–sub plot treatment in a split–split plot design during spring–summer seasons of 2020 and 2021 with black gram (variety: Pant U 31). The study was aimed at evaluating the impact of sowing time and nutrients application alleviating adversities of abiotic stress during reproductive development of black gram. The March first week sown crop took significantly higher days to complete its life cycle compared to March third week sown one (82.0 vs. 78.2 and 81.8 vs. 78.8). This in turn relatively allowed a broader window for leaf area expansion, flowering, and seed filling in the first crop compared to the second one leading to the attainment of superior yield in the normal sown crop during the consecutive years. Crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), pod number per plant, seed yield, and harvest index were significantly higher (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) with soil Co @ 4 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> and foliar 1.25% K + 0.2% B applications through stress mitigation by stimulating chlorophyll biosynthesis, nitrate reductase activity, proline accumulation, and cell membrane stability, irrespective of the years. Fluctuations in per plant pod number explained about 96 and 94% variations in seed yield through linear regressions in respective years. Optimum sowing date along with soil Co application combined with foliar K+B sprays manifested immense potential to achieve higher black gram production. In addition, this nutrient schedule proved to be efficient enough to promote satisfactory growth and optimum seed yield of late sown blackgram through relief of stress during the spring–summer season.Purabi BanerjeeVisha Kumari VenugopalanRajib NathYusuf S. AlthobaitiAhmed GaberHatim Al-YasiAkbar HossainMDPI AGarticleblack gramspring–summerstressdate of sowingnutrientsproductivityAgricultureSENAgronomy, Vol 11, Iss 2329, p 2329 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	black gram spring–summer stress date of sowing nutrients productivity Agriculture S
spellingShingle	black gram spring–summer stress date of sowing nutrients productivity Agriculture S Purabi Banerjee Visha Kumari Venugopalan Rajib Nath Yusuf S. Althobaiti Ahmed Gaber Hatim Al-Yasi Akbar Hossain Physiology, Growth, and Productivity of Spring–Summer Black Gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> L. Hepper) as Influenced by Heat and Moisture Stresses in Different Dates of Sowing and Nutrient Management Conditions
description	Heat and soil moisture stress account for serious abiotic constraint in black gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> (L.) Hepper) production during spring–summer under Gangetic plains of Eastern India. Concurrence of these two can bring about early completion of phenophases that hampers normal metabolism of legumes by disrupting their defense mechanism, leading to poor seed set. The field experiment was conducted with two different sowing dates as the main plot, soil application of cobalt (Co) as subplots and foliar sprays of potassium (K) and boron (B) either alone or in combination as sub–sub plot treatment in a split–split plot design during spring–summer seasons of 2020 and 2021 with black gram (variety: Pant U 31). The study was aimed at evaluating the impact of sowing time and nutrients application alleviating adversities of abiotic stress during reproductive development of black gram. The March first week sown crop took significantly higher days to complete its life cycle compared to March third week sown one (82.0 vs. 78.2 and 81.8 vs. 78.8). This in turn relatively allowed a broader window for leaf area expansion, flowering, and seed filling in the first crop compared to the second one leading to the attainment of superior yield in the normal sown crop during the consecutive years. Crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), pod number per plant, seed yield, and harvest index were significantly higher (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) with soil Co @ 4 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> and foliar 1.25% K + 0.2% B applications through stress mitigation by stimulating chlorophyll biosynthesis, nitrate reductase activity, proline accumulation, and cell membrane stability, irrespective of the years. Fluctuations in per plant pod number explained about 96 and 94% variations in seed yield through linear regressions in respective years. Optimum sowing date along with soil Co application combined with foliar K+B sprays manifested immense potential to achieve higher black gram production. In addition, this nutrient schedule proved to be efficient enough to promote satisfactory growth and optimum seed yield of late sown blackgram through relief of stress during the spring–summer season.
format	article
author	Purabi Banerjee Visha Kumari Venugopalan Rajib Nath Yusuf S. Althobaiti Ahmed Gaber Hatim Al-Yasi Akbar Hossain
author_facet	Purabi Banerjee Visha Kumari Venugopalan Rajib Nath Yusuf S. Althobaiti Ahmed Gaber Hatim Al-Yasi Akbar Hossain
author_sort	Purabi Banerjee
title	Physiology, Growth, and Productivity of Spring–Summer Black Gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> L. Hepper) as Influenced by Heat and Moisture Stresses in Different Dates of Sowing and Nutrient Management Conditions
title_short	Physiology, Growth, and Productivity of Spring–Summer Black Gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> L. Hepper) as Influenced by Heat and Moisture Stresses in Different Dates of Sowing and Nutrient Management Conditions
title_full	Physiology, Growth, and Productivity of Spring–Summer Black Gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> L. Hepper) as Influenced by Heat and Moisture Stresses in Different Dates of Sowing and Nutrient Management Conditions
title_fullStr	Physiology, Growth, and Productivity of Spring–Summer Black Gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> L. Hepper) as Influenced by Heat and Moisture Stresses in Different Dates of Sowing and Nutrient Management Conditions
title_full_unstemmed	Physiology, Growth, and Productivity of Spring–Summer Black Gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> L. Hepper) as Influenced by Heat and Moisture Stresses in Different Dates of Sowing and Nutrient Management Conditions
title_sort	physiology, growth, and productivity of spring–summer black gram (<i>vigna mungo</i> l. hepper) as influenced by heat and moisture stresses in different dates of sowing and nutrient management conditions
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d6d8fe297b24435e9b8395386f1cfea6
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Physiology, Growth, and Productivity of Spring–Summer Black Gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> L. Hepper) as Influenced by Heat and Moisture Stresses in Different Dates of Sowing and Nutrient Management Conditions

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