Toxicity of clothianidin to common Eastern North American fireflies

Background Previous research suggests that fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) are susceptible to commonly used insecticides. In the United States, there has been a rapid and widespread adoption of neonicotinoid insecticides, predominantly used as seed coatings on large-acreage crops like corn, soy,...

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Autores principales:	Kirsten Ann Pearsons, Sarah E. Lower, John F. Tooker
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	PeerJ Inc. 2021
Materias:	Neonicotinoid Clothianidin Flirefly Lampyridae Acute toxicity Long-term toxicity Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d7139794a1744744b29e07caddfa01b6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d7139794a1744744b29e07caddfa01b62021-11-21T15:05:20ZToxicity of clothianidin to common Eastern North American fireflies10.7717/peerj.124952167-8359https://doaj.org/article/d7139794a1744744b29e07caddfa01b62021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://peerj.com/articles/12495.pdfhttps://peerj.com/articles/12495/https://doaj.org/toc/2167-8359Background Previous research suggests that fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) are susceptible to commonly used insecticides. In the United States, there has been a rapid and widespread adoption of neonicotinoid insecticides, predominantly used as seed coatings on large-acreage crops like corn, soy, and cotton. Neonicotinoid insecticides are persistent in soil yet mobile in water, so they have potential to contaminate firefly habitats both in and adjacent to application sites. As a result, fireflies may be at high risk of exposure to neonicotinoids, possibly jeopardizing this already at-risk group of charismatic insects. Methods To assess the sensitivity of fireflies to neonicotinoids, we exposed larvae of Photuris versicolor complex and Photinus pyralis to multiple levels of clothianidin-treated soil and monitored feeding behavior, protective soil chamber formation, intoxication, and mortality. Results Pt. versicolor and Pn. pyralis larvae exhibited long-term intoxication and mortality at concentrations above 1,000 ng g−1 soil (1 ppm). Under sub-lethal clothianidin exposure, firefly larvae fed less and spent less time in protective soil chambers, two behavioral changes that could decrease larval survival in the wild. Discussion Both firefly species demonstrated sub-lethal responses in the lab to clothianidin exposure at field-realistic concentrations, although Pt. versicolor and Pn. pyralis appeared to tolerate higher clothianidin exposure relative to other soil invertebrates and beetle species. While these two firefly species, which are relatively widespread in North America, appear somewhat tolerant of neonicotinoid exposure in a laboratory setting, further work is needed to extend this conclusion to wild populations, especially in rare or declining taxa.Kirsten Ann PearsonsSarah E. LowerJohn F. TookerPeerJ Inc.articleNeonicotinoidClothianidinFlireflyLampyridaeAcute toxicityLong-term toxicityMedicineRENPeerJ, Vol 9, p e12495 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Neonicotinoid Clothianidin Flirefly Lampyridae Acute toxicity Long-term toxicity Medicine R
spellingShingle	Neonicotinoid Clothianidin Flirefly Lampyridae Acute toxicity Long-term toxicity Medicine R Kirsten Ann Pearsons Sarah E. Lower John F. Tooker Toxicity of clothianidin to common Eastern North American fireflies
description	Background Previous research suggests that fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) are susceptible to commonly used insecticides. In the United States, there has been a rapid and widespread adoption of neonicotinoid insecticides, predominantly used as seed coatings on large-acreage crops like corn, soy, and cotton. Neonicotinoid insecticides are persistent in soil yet mobile in water, so they have potential to contaminate firefly habitats both in and adjacent to application sites. As a result, fireflies may be at high risk of exposure to neonicotinoids, possibly jeopardizing this already at-risk group of charismatic insects. Methods To assess the sensitivity of fireflies to neonicotinoids, we exposed larvae of Photuris versicolor complex and Photinus pyralis to multiple levels of clothianidin-treated soil and monitored feeding behavior, protective soil chamber formation, intoxication, and mortality. Results Pt. versicolor and Pn. pyralis larvae exhibited long-term intoxication and mortality at concentrations above 1,000 ng g−1 soil (1 ppm). Under sub-lethal clothianidin exposure, firefly larvae fed less and spent less time in protective soil chambers, two behavioral changes that could decrease larval survival in the wild. Discussion Both firefly species demonstrated sub-lethal responses in the lab to clothianidin exposure at field-realistic concentrations, although Pt. versicolor and Pn. pyralis appeared to tolerate higher clothianidin exposure relative to other soil invertebrates and beetle species. While these two firefly species, which are relatively widespread in North America, appear somewhat tolerant of neonicotinoid exposure in a laboratory setting, further work is needed to extend this conclusion to wild populations, especially in rare or declining taxa.
format	article
author	Kirsten Ann Pearsons Sarah E. Lower John F. Tooker
author_facet	Kirsten Ann Pearsons Sarah E. Lower John F. Tooker
author_sort	Kirsten Ann Pearsons
title	Toxicity of clothianidin to common Eastern North American fireflies
title_short	Toxicity of clothianidin to common Eastern North American fireflies
title_full	Toxicity of clothianidin to common Eastern North American fireflies
title_fullStr	Toxicity of clothianidin to common Eastern North American fireflies
title_full_unstemmed	Toxicity of clothianidin to common Eastern North American fireflies
title_sort	toxicity of clothianidin to common eastern north american fireflies
publisher	PeerJ Inc.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d7139794a1744744b29e07caddfa01b6
work_keys_str_mv	AT kirstenannpearsons toxicityofclothianidintocommoneasternnorthamericanfireflies AT sarahelower toxicityofclothianidintocommoneasternnorthamericanfireflies AT johnftooker toxicityofclothianidintocommoneasternnorthamericanfireflies
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Toxicity of clothianidin to common Eastern North American fireflies

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