Digging Deeper: Advancements in Visualization of Inhibitory Synapses in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Recent research has provided strong evidence that neurodegeneration may develop from an imbalance between synaptic structural components in the brain. Lately, inhibitory synapses communicating via the neurotransmitters GABA or glycine have come to the center of attention. Increasing evidence suggest...

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Autores principales:	Snježana Radulović, Sowmya Sunkara, Christa Maurer, Gerd Leitinger
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	neurodegeneration inhibitory synapse synaptic plasticity Alzheimer’s disease EM STORM Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d7427ce5ac524f18b36bd829675b8480
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d7427ce5ac524f18b36bd829675b84802021-11-25T17:56:57ZDigging Deeper: Advancements in Visualization of Inhibitory Synapses in Neurodegenerative Disorders10.3390/ijms2222124701422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/d7427ce5ac524f18b36bd829675b84802021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12470https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Recent research has provided strong evidence that neurodegeneration may develop from an imbalance between synaptic structural components in the brain. Lately, inhibitory synapses communicating via the neurotransmitters GABA or glycine have come to the center of attention. Increasing evidence suggests that imbalance in the structural composition of inhibitory synapses affect deeply the ability of neurons to communicate effectively over synaptic connections. Progressive failure of synaptic plasticity and memory are thus hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. In order to prove that structural changes at synapses contribute to neurodegeneration, we need to visualize single-molecule interactions at synaptic sites in an exact spatial and time frame. This visualization has been restricted in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. New developments in electron microscopy and super-resolution microscopy have improved spatial and time resolution tremendously, opening up numerous possibilities. Here we critically review current and recently developed methods for high-resolution visualization of inhibitory synapses in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. We present advantages, strengths, weaknesses, and current limitations for selected methods in research, as well as present a future perspective. A range of new options has become available that will soon help understand the involvement of inhibitory synapses in neurodegenerative disorders.Snježana RadulovićSowmya SunkaraChrista MaurerGerd LeitingerMDPI AGarticleneurodegenerationinhibitory synapsesynaptic plasticityAlzheimer’s diseaseEMSTORMBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12470, p 12470 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	neurodegeneration inhibitory synapse synaptic plasticity Alzheimer’s disease EM STORM Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	neurodegeneration inhibitory synapse synaptic plasticity Alzheimer’s disease EM STORM Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Snježana Radulović Sowmya Sunkara Christa Maurer Gerd Leitinger Digging Deeper: Advancements in Visualization of Inhibitory Synapses in Neurodegenerative Disorders
description	Recent research has provided strong evidence that neurodegeneration may develop from an imbalance between synaptic structural components in the brain. Lately, inhibitory synapses communicating via the neurotransmitters GABA or glycine have come to the center of attention. Increasing evidence suggests that imbalance in the structural composition of inhibitory synapses affect deeply the ability of neurons to communicate effectively over synaptic connections. Progressive failure of synaptic plasticity and memory are thus hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. In order to prove that structural changes at synapses contribute to neurodegeneration, we need to visualize single-molecule interactions at synaptic sites in an exact spatial and time frame. This visualization has been restricted in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. New developments in electron microscopy and super-resolution microscopy have improved spatial and time resolution tremendously, opening up numerous possibilities. Here we critically review current and recently developed methods for high-resolution visualization of inhibitory synapses in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. We present advantages, strengths, weaknesses, and current limitations for selected methods in research, as well as present a future perspective. A range of new options has become available that will soon help understand the involvement of inhibitory synapses in neurodegenerative disorders.
format	article
author	Snježana Radulović Sowmya Sunkara Christa Maurer Gerd Leitinger
author_facet	Snježana Radulović Sowmya Sunkara Christa Maurer Gerd Leitinger
author_sort	Snježana Radulović
title	Digging Deeper: Advancements in Visualization of Inhibitory Synapses in Neurodegenerative Disorders
title_short	Digging Deeper: Advancements in Visualization of Inhibitory Synapses in Neurodegenerative Disorders
title_full	Digging Deeper: Advancements in Visualization of Inhibitory Synapses in Neurodegenerative Disorders
title_fullStr	Digging Deeper: Advancements in Visualization of Inhibitory Synapses in Neurodegenerative Disorders
title_full_unstemmed	Digging Deeper: Advancements in Visualization of Inhibitory Synapses in Neurodegenerative Disorders
title_sort	digging deeper: advancements in visualization of inhibitory synapses in neurodegenerative disorders
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d7427ce5ac524f18b36bd829675b8480
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Digging Deeper: Advancements in Visualization of Inhibitory Synapses in Neurodegenerative Disorders

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