Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on the Onset of Hypertension in a Long-Term Longitudinal Study in a Male Workers’ Cohort

Aim: To determine the effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on the onset of hypertension in a long-term longitudinal study. Methods: 7511 non-hypertensive male workers were enrolled. This cohort study was performed over an 8-year period using the results of the annual workers-health screening....

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Autores principales:	Tamotsu Nagao, Kazuhiro Nogawa, Koichi Sakata, Hideki Morimoto, Kotaro Morita, Yuka Watanabe, Yasushi Suwazono
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	alcohol consumption smoking hypertension long-term longitudinal study workers’ cohort pooled logistic regression analysis Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d8031f16f8f84a9695d02436afe25628
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d8031f16f8f84a9695d02436afe256282021-11-25T17:48:18ZEffects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on the Onset of Hypertension in a Long-Term Longitudinal Study in a Male Workers’ Cohort10.3390/ijerph1822117811660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/d8031f16f8f84a9695d02436afe256282021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/22/11781https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601Aim: To determine the effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on the onset of hypertension in a long-term longitudinal study. Methods: 7511 non-hypertensive male workers were enrolled. This cohort study was performed over an 8-year period using the results of the annual workers-health screening. The end-point was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or use of antihypertensive drugs. For alcohol consumption, weekly alcohol intake (g ethanol/week) was estimated (1 “gou” = 22 g ethanol). Annual survey data were analyzed by pooled logistic regression that included alcohol consumption, smoking, age, body mass index, job schedule types, habitual exercise, and blood test measurements into the statistical model. Results: A significant positive dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption and onset of hypertension was observed, with synergistic health effects present. Compared with abstainers and nonsmokers, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for the onset of hypertension were: 1.51 (1.27–1.79) for 154 g ethanol/week and nonsmokers, and 1.81 (1.54–2.11) for 154 g ethanol/week and smokers. An interaction between alcohol and smoking was confirmed. Conclusions: This study provided information useful to the prevention of hypertension. By reducing alcohol consumption and smoking simultaneously, the risk of hypertension may be considerably lowered.Tamotsu NagaoKazuhiro NogawaKoichi SakataHideki MorimotoKotaro MoritaYuka WatanabeYasushi SuwazonoMDPI AGarticlealcohol consumptionsmokinghypertensionlong-term longitudinal studyworkers’ cohortpooled logistic regression analysisMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11781, p 11781 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	alcohol consumption smoking hypertension long-term longitudinal study workers’ cohort pooled logistic regression analysis Medicine R
spellingShingle	alcohol consumption smoking hypertension long-term longitudinal study workers’ cohort pooled logistic regression analysis Medicine R Tamotsu Nagao Kazuhiro Nogawa Koichi Sakata Hideki Morimoto Kotaro Morita Yuka Watanabe Yasushi Suwazono Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on the Onset of Hypertension in a Long-Term Longitudinal Study in a Male Workers’ Cohort
description	Aim: To determine the effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on the onset of hypertension in a long-term longitudinal study. Methods: 7511 non-hypertensive male workers were enrolled. This cohort study was performed over an 8-year period using the results of the annual workers-health screening. The end-point was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or use of antihypertensive drugs. For alcohol consumption, weekly alcohol intake (g ethanol/week) was estimated (1 “gou” = 22 g ethanol). Annual survey data were analyzed by pooled logistic regression that included alcohol consumption, smoking, age, body mass index, job schedule types, habitual exercise, and blood test measurements into the statistical model. Results: A significant positive dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption and onset of hypertension was observed, with synergistic health effects present. Compared with abstainers and nonsmokers, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for the onset of hypertension were: 1.51 (1.27–1.79) for 154 g ethanol/week and nonsmokers, and 1.81 (1.54–2.11) for 154 g ethanol/week and smokers. An interaction between alcohol and smoking was confirmed. Conclusions: This study provided information useful to the prevention of hypertension. By reducing alcohol consumption and smoking simultaneously, the risk of hypertension may be considerably lowered.
format	article
author	Tamotsu Nagao Kazuhiro Nogawa Koichi Sakata Hideki Morimoto Kotaro Morita Yuka Watanabe Yasushi Suwazono
author_facet	Tamotsu Nagao Kazuhiro Nogawa Koichi Sakata Hideki Morimoto Kotaro Morita Yuka Watanabe Yasushi Suwazono
author_sort	Tamotsu Nagao
title	Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on the Onset of Hypertension in a Long-Term Longitudinal Study in a Male Workers’ Cohort
title_short	Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on the Onset of Hypertension in a Long-Term Longitudinal Study in a Male Workers’ Cohort
title_full	Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on the Onset of Hypertension in a Long-Term Longitudinal Study in a Male Workers’ Cohort
title_fullStr	Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on the Onset of Hypertension in a Long-Term Longitudinal Study in a Male Workers’ Cohort
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on the Onset of Hypertension in a Long-Term Longitudinal Study in a Male Workers’ Cohort
title_sort	effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on the onset of hypertension in a long-term longitudinal study in a male workers’ cohort
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d8031f16f8f84a9695d02436afe25628
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Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on the Onset of Hypertension in a Long-Term Longitudinal Study in a Male Workers’ Cohort

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