Absence of suction feeding ichthyosaurs and its implications for triassic mesopelagic paleoecology.

Mesozoic marine reptiles and modern marine mammals are often considered ecological analogs, but the extent of their similarity is largely unknown. Particularly important is the presence/absence of deep-diving suction feeders among Mesozoic marine reptiles because this would indicate the establishmen...

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Autores principales:	Ryosuke Motani, Cheng Ji, Taketeru Tomita, Neil Kelley, Erin Maxwell, Da-yong Jiang, Paul Martin Sander
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d80f871590164ba689fb0a0dfb871d69
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d80f871590164ba689fb0a0dfb871d692021-11-18T08:42:34ZAbsence of suction feeding ichthyosaurs and its implications for triassic mesopelagic paleoecology.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0066075https://doaj.org/article/d80f871590164ba689fb0a0dfb871d692013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24348983/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Mesozoic marine reptiles and modern marine mammals are often considered ecological analogs, but the extent of their similarity is largely unknown. Particularly important is the presence/absence of deep-diving suction feeders among Mesozoic marine reptiles because this would indicate the establishment of mesopelagic cephalopod and fish communities in the Mesozoic. A recent study suggested that diverse suction feeders, resembling the extant beaked whales, evolved among ichthyosaurs in the Triassic. However, this hypothesis has not been tested quantitatively. We examined four osteological features of jawed vertebrates that are closely linked to the mechanism of suction feeding, namely hyoid corpus ossification/calcification, hyobranchial apparatus robustness, mandibular bluntness, and mandibular pressure concentration index. Measurements were taken from 18 species of Triassic and Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs, including the presumed suction feeders. Statistical comparisons with extant sharks and marine mammals of known diets suggest that ichthyosaurian hyobranchial bones are significantly more slender than in suction-feeding sharks or cetaceans but similar to those of ram-feeding sharks. Most importantly, an ossified hyoid corpus to which hyoid retractor muscles attach is unknown in all but one ichthyosaur, whereas a strong integration of the ossified corpus and cornua of the hyobranchial apparatus has been identified in the literature as an important feature of suction feeders. Also, ichthyosaurian mandibles do not narrow rapidly to allow high suction pressure concentration within the oral cavity, unlike in beaked whales or sperm whales. In conclusion, it is most likely that Triassic and Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs were 'ram-feeders', without any beaked-whale-like suction feeder among them. When combined with the inferred inability for dim-light vision in relevant Triassic ichthyosaurs, the fossil record of ichthyosaurs does not suggest the establishment of modern-style mesopelagic animal communities in the Triassic. This new interpretation matches the fossil record of coleoids, which indicates the absence of soft-bodied deepwater species in the Triassic.Ryosuke MotaniCheng JiTaketeru TomitaNeil KelleyErin MaxwellDa-yong JiangPaul Martin SanderPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 12, p e66075 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Ryosuke Motani Cheng Ji Taketeru Tomita Neil Kelley Erin Maxwell Da-yong Jiang Paul Martin Sander Absence of suction feeding ichthyosaurs and its implications for triassic mesopelagic paleoecology.
description	Mesozoic marine reptiles and modern marine mammals are often considered ecological analogs, but the extent of their similarity is largely unknown. Particularly important is the presence/absence of deep-diving suction feeders among Mesozoic marine reptiles because this would indicate the establishment of mesopelagic cephalopod and fish communities in the Mesozoic. A recent study suggested that diverse suction feeders, resembling the extant beaked whales, evolved among ichthyosaurs in the Triassic. However, this hypothesis has not been tested quantitatively. We examined four osteological features of jawed vertebrates that are closely linked to the mechanism of suction feeding, namely hyoid corpus ossification/calcification, hyobranchial apparatus robustness, mandibular bluntness, and mandibular pressure concentration index. Measurements were taken from 18 species of Triassic and Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs, including the presumed suction feeders. Statistical comparisons with extant sharks and marine mammals of known diets suggest that ichthyosaurian hyobranchial bones are significantly more slender than in suction-feeding sharks or cetaceans but similar to those of ram-feeding sharks. Most importantly, an ossified hyoid corpus to which hyoid retractor muscles attach is unknown in all but one ichthyosaur, whereas a strong integration of the ossified corpus and cornua of the hyobranchial apparatus has been identified in the literature as an important feature of suction feeders. Also, ichthyosaurian mandibles do not narrow rapidly to allow high suction pressure concentration within the oral cavity, unlike in beaked whales or sperm whales. In conclusion, it is most likely that Triassic and Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs were 'ram-feeders', without any beaked-whale-like suction feeder among them. When combined with the inferred inability for dim-light vision in relevant Triassic ichthyosaurs, the fossil record of ichthyosaurs does not suggest the establishment of modern-style mesopelagic animal communities in the Triassic. This new interpretation matches the fossil record of coleoids, which indicates the absence of soft-bodied deepwater species in the Triassic.
format	article
author	Ryosuke Motani Cheng Ji Taketeru Tomita Neil Kelley Erin Maxwell Da-yong Jiang Paul Martin Sander
author_facet	Ryosuke Motani Cheng Ji Taketeru Tomita Neil Kelley Erin Maxwell Da-yong Jiang Paul Martin Sander
author_sort	Ryosuke Motani
title	Absence of suction feeding ichthyosaurs and its implications for triassic mesopelagic paleoecology.
title_short	Absence of suction feeding ichthyosaurs and its implications for triassic mesopelagic paleoecology.
title_full	Absence of suction feeding ichthyosaurs and its implications for triassic mesopelagic paleoecology.
title_fullStr	Absence of suction feeding ichthyosaurs and its implications for triassic mesopelagic paleoecology.
title_full_unstemmed	Absence of suction feeding ichthyosaurs and its implications for triassic mesopelagic paleoecology.
title_sort	absence of suction feeding ichthyosaurs and its implications for triassic mesopelagic paleoecology.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/d80f871590164ba689fb0a0dfb871d69
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Absence of suction feeding ichthyosaurs and its implications for triassic mesopelagic paleoecology.

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