Characteristics and Potential Inhalation Exposure Risks of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Solid Fuel Combustion Particles in High Lung Cancer Incidence Area, China

Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) were previously considered an unrecognized composition of air pollutants and might help explain the long-standing medical mystery of why non-smokers develop tobacco-related diseases such as lung cancer. However, there is no investigated on EPFRs in Xu...

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Autores principales:	Kai Xiao, Yichun Lin, Qingyue Wang, Senlin Lu, Weiqian Wang, Tanzin Chowdhury, Christian Ebere Enyoh, Mominul Haque Rabin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	environmentally persistent free radicals lung cancer health risk assessment g factors Xuanwei Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d8386e18a147473081d0bb845567a1e6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d8386e18a147473081d0bb845567a1e62021-11-25T16:45:07ZCharacteristics and Potential Inhalation Exposure Risks of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Solid Fuel Combustion Particles in High Lung Cancer Incidence Area, China10.3390/atmos121114672073-4433https://doaj.org/article/d8386e18a147473081d0bb845567a1e62021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/11/1467https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) were previously considered an unrecognized composition of air pollutants and might help explain the long-standing medical mystery of why non-smokers develop tobacco-related diseases such as lung cancer. However, there is no investigated on EPFRs in Xuanwei rural areas, especially in high prevalence of lung cancer areas. In this study, we selected six types of coal and three types of biomass in Xuanwei, then conducted simulated combustion, and six group of atmospheric particulate matters (APMs) to explore the content and particle size distribution pattern of EPFRs and a new health risk assessment method to evaluate the risk of EPFRs in PM for adults and children. Our results show that the contribution of EPFRs for biomass combustion, coal combustion and APMs were mainly distributed in the size range of <1.1 μm, which accounted for 76.15 ± 4.14%, 74.85 ± 10.76%, and 75.23 ± 8.18% of PM3.3. The mean g factors and ΔHp-p indicated that the EPFRs were mainly oxygen-centered radicals in PM in Xuanwei. The results suggest that the health risk of EPFRs is significantly increased when the particle size distribution of EPFRs is taken into account, and coal combustion particulate matter (174.70 ± 37.86 cigarettes for an adult, 66.39 ± 14.39 cigarettes per person per year for a child) is more hazardous to humans than biomass combustion particulate matter (69.41 ± 4.83 cigarettes for an adult, 26.37 ± 1.84 cigarettes per person per year for), followed by APMs (102.88 ± 39.99 cigarettes for an adult, 39.10 ±15.20 cigarettes per person per year for) in PM<sub>3.3</sub>. Our results provides a new perspective and evidence for revealing the reason for the high incidence of lung cancer in Xuanwei, China.Kai XiaoYichun LinQingyue WangSenlin LuWeiqian WangTanzin ChowdhuryChristian Ebere EnyohMominul Haque RabinMDPI AGarticleenvironmentally persistent free radicalslung cancerhealth risk assessmentg factorsXuanweiMeteorology. ClimatologyQC851-999ENAtmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 1467, p 1467 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	environmentally persistent free radicals lung cancer health risk assessment g factors Xuanwei Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
spellingShingle	environmentally persistent free radicals lung cancer health risk assessment g factors Xuanwei Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Kai Xiao Yichun Lin Qingyue Wang Senlin Lu Weiqian Wang Tanzin Chowdhury Christian Ebere Enyoh Mominul Haque Rabin Characteristics and Potential Inhalation Exposure Risks of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Solid Fuel Combustion Particles in High Lung Cancer Incidence Area, China
description	Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) were previously considered an unrecognized composition of air pollutants and might help explain the long-standing medical mystery of why non-smokers develop tobacco-related diseases such as lung cancer. However, there is no investigated on EPFRs in Xuanwei rural areas, especially in high prevalence of lung cancer areas. In this study, we selected six types of coal and three types of biomass in Xuanwei, then conducted simulated combustion, and six group of atmospheric particulate matters (APMs) to explore the content and particle size distribution pattern of EPFRs and a new health risk assessment method to evaluate the risk of EPFRs in PM for adults and children. Our results show that the contribution of EPFRs for biomass combustion, coal combustion and APMs were mainly distributed in the size range of <1.1 μm, which accounted for 76.15 ± 4.14%, 74.85 ± 10.76%, and 75.23 ± 8.18% of PM3.3. The mean g factors and ΔHp-p indicated that the EPFRs were mainly oxygen-centered radicals in PM in Xuanwei. The results suggest that the health risk of EPFRs is significantly increased when the particle size distribution of EPFRs is taken into account, and coal combustion particulate matter (174.70 ± 37.86 cigarettes for an adult, 66.39 ± 14.39 cigarettes per person per year for a child) is more hazardous to humans than biomass combustion particulate matter (69.41 ± 4.83 cigarettes for an adult, 26.37 ± 1.84 cigarettes per person per year for), followed by APMs (102.88 ± 39.99 cigarettes for an adult, 39.10 ±15.20 cigarettes per person per year for) in PM<sub>3.3</sub>. Our results provides a new perspective and evidence for revealing the reason for the high incidence of lung cancer in Xuanwei, China.
format	article
author	Kai Xiao Yichun Lin Qingyue Wang Senlin Lu Weiqian Wang Tanzin Chowdhury Christian Ebere Enyoh Mominul Haque Rabin
author_facet	Kai Xiao Yichun Lin Qingyue Wang Senlin Lu Weiqian Wang Tanzin Chowdhury Christian Ebere Enyoh Mominul Haque Rabin
author_sort	Kai Xiao
title	Characteristics and Potential Inhalation Exposure Risks of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Solid Fuel Combustion Particles in High Lung Cancer Incidence Area, China
title_short	Characteristics and Potential Inhalation Exposure Risks of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Solid Fuel Combustion Particles in High Lung Cancer Incidence Area, China
title_full	Characteristics and Potential Inhalation Exposure Risks of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Solid Fuel Combustion Particles in High Lung Cancer Incidence Area, China
title_fullStr	Characteristics and Potential Inhalation Exposure Risks of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Solid Fuel Combustion Particles in High Lung Cancer Incidence Area, China
title_full_unstemmed	Characteristics and Potential Inhalation Exposure Risks of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Solid Fuel Combustion Particles in High Lung Cancer Incidence Area, China
title_sort	characteristics and potential inhalation exposure risks of environmentally persistent free radicals in atmospheric particulate matter and solid fuel combustion particles in high lung cancer incidence area, china
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d8386e18a147473081d0bb845567a1e6
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Characteristics and Potential Inhalation Exposure Risks of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Solid Fuel Combustion Particles in High Lung Cancer Incidence Area, China

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