Using a stair horizontal-vertical illusion to increase foot clearance over an inconsistently taller stair-riser.

<h4>Introduction</h4>Stair falls can be caused by inconsistent stair dimensions. During ascent, inconsistently taller stair risers lead to reduced foot clearances as the inconsistency goes unnoticed. A stair horizontal-vertical illusion increases perceived riser heights and foot clearanc...

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Autores principales:	Timmion K Skervin, Neil M Thomas, Andrew J Schofield, Mark A Hollands, Constantinos N Maganaris, Thomas D O'Brien, Vasilios Baltzopoulos, Richard J Foster
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d83a2a17a9a24a819188ab496794c5d0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d83a2a17a9a24a819188ab496794c5d02021-12-02T20:08:15ZUsing a stair horizontal-vertical illusion to increase foot clearance over an inconsistently taller stair-riser.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0257159https://doaj.org/article/d83a2a17a9a24a819188ab496794c5d02021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257159https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Introduction</h4>Stair falls can be caused by inconsistent stair dimensions. During ascent, inconsistently taller stair risers lead to reduced foot clearances as the inconsistency goes unnoticed. A stair horizontal-vertical illusion increases perceived riser heights and foot clearance and could offset reduced foot clearances over inconsistently taller risers, though this might impact other stair safety measures.<h4>Method</h4>Twelve participants (age: 22 (3) years) ascended a seven-step staircase under three conditions: i) all steps consistent in riser height (consistent), ii) a 1cm increase in step 5 riser height (inconsistent) and iii) a 1cm increase in step 5 riser height, superimposed with a stair horizontal-vertical illusion (illusion). Vertical foot clearance, foot overhang, and margins of stability were assessed over step 4, 5 and 6. Perceived riser height due to the illusion was determined through a computer perception test. A One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA compared biomechanical variables between conditions. A One Sample t test compared perceived riser height to the true height.<h4>Results</h4>Over the inconsistent step 5, foot clearance reduced by 0.8cm compared to consistent. Illusion increased foot clearance by 1.1cm and decreased foot overhang by 4% compared to inconsistent. On step 4 the illusion led to more anterior instability compared to inconsistent. Illusion and inconsistent led to more mediolateral stability compared to consistent. The illusion increased perceived riser height by 12%.<h4>Discussion</h4>Foot clearance reductions over inconsistently taller risers can be offset by a stair horizontal-vertical illusion. Additional benefits included a safer foot overhang and unaffected stability over the inconsistent riser. Changes to step 4 stability might have resulted from leaning forward to look at the step 5 illusion. The stair horizontal-vertical illusion could be a practical solution for inconsistently taller stair risers, where a rebuild is usually the only solution.Timmion K SkervinNeil M ThomasAndrew J SchofieldMark A HollandsConstantinos N MaganarisThomas D O'BrienVasilios BaltzopoulosRichard J FosterPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 9, p e0257159 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Timmion K Skervin Neil M Thomas Andrew J Schofield Mark A Hollands Constantinos N Maganaris Thomas D O'Brien Vasilios Baltzopoulos Richard J Foster Using a stair horizontal-vertical illusion to increase foot clearance over an inconsistently taller stair-riser.
description	<h4>Introduction</h4>Stair falls can be caused by inconsistent stair dimensions. During ascent, inconsistently taller stair risers lead to reduced foot clearances as the inconsistency goes unnoticed. A stair horizontal-vertical illusion increases perceived riser heights and foot clearance and could offset reduced foot clearances over inconsistently taller risers, though this might impact other stair safety measures.<h4>Method</h4>Twelve participants (age: 22 (3) years) ascended a seven-step staircase under three conditions: i) all steps consistent in riser height (consistent), ii) a 1cm increase in step 5 riser height (inconsistent) and iii) a 1cm increase in step 5 riser height, superimposed with a stair horizontal-vertical illusion (illusion). Vertical foot clearance, foot overhang, and margins of stability were assessed over step 4, 5 and 6. Perceived riser height due to the illusion was determined through a computer perception test. A One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA compared biomechanical variables between conditions. A One Sample t test compared perceived riser height to the true height.<h4>Results</h4>Over the inconsistent step 5, foot clearance reduced by 0.8cm compared to consistent. Illusion increased foot clearance by 1.1cm and decreased foot overhang by 4% compared to inconsistent. On step 4 the illusion led to more anterior instability compared to inconsistent. Illusion and inconsistent led to more mediolateral stability compared to consistent. The illusion increased perceived riser height by 12%.<h4>Discussion</h4>Foot clearance reductions over inconsistently taller risers can be offset by a stair horizontal-vertical illusion. Additional benefits included a safer foot overhang and unaffected stability over the inconsistent riser. Changes to step 4 stability might have resulted from leaning forward to look at the step 5 illusion. The stair horizontal-vertical illusion could be a practical solution for inconsistently taller stair risers, where a rebuild is usually the only solution.
format	article
author	Timmion K Skervin Neil M Thomas Andrew J Schofield Mark A Hollands Constantinos N Maganaris Thomas D O'Brien Vasilios Baltzopoulos Richard J Foster
author_facet	Timmion K Skervin Neil M Thomas Andrew J Schofield Mark A Hollands Constantinos N Maganaris Thomas D O'Brien Vasilios Baltzopoulos Richard J Foster
author_sort	Timmion K Skervin
title	Using a stair horizontal-vertical illusion to increase foot clearance over an inconsistently taller stair-riser.
title_short	Using a stair horizontal-vertical illusion to increase foot clearance over an inconsistently taller stair-riser.
title_full	Using a stair horizontal-vertical illusion to increase foot clearance over an inconsistently taller stair-riser.
title_fullStr	Using a stair horizontal-vertical illusion to increase foot clearance over an inconsistently taller stair-riser.
title_full_unstemmed	Using a stair horizontal-vertical illusion to increase foot clearance over an inconsistently taller stair-riser.
title_sort	using a stair horizontal-vertical illusion to increase foot clearance over an inconsistently taller stair-riser.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d83a2a17a9a24a819188ab496794c5d0
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Using a stair horizontal-vertical illusion to increase foot clearance over an inconsistently taller stair-riser.

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