“Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I)

This work reports the fabrication of a new environmentally friendly three-electrode electrochemical sensor suitable for on-site voltammetric determination of two toxic emerging ‘technology-critical elements’ (TCEs), namely indium and thallium. The sensor is fully fabricated by injection-moulding and...

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Autores principales:	Maria Pitsou, Christos Kokkinos, Anastasios Economou, Peter R. Fielden, Sara J. Baldock, Nickolas J. Goddard
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	indium thallium anodic stripping voltammetry injection-moulding conductive electrodes Biochemistry QD415-436
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d884831180d54032bd9d6fedef02645c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d884831180d54032bd9d6fedef02645c2021-11-25T17:13:35Z“Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I)10.3390/chemosensors91103102227-9040https://doaj.org/article/d884831180d54032bd9d6fedef02645c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/9/11/310https://doaj.org/toc/2227-9040This work reports the fabrication of a new environmentally friendly three-electrode electrochemical sensor suitable for on-site voltammetric determination of two toxic emerging ‘technology-critical elements’ (TCEs), namely indium and thallium. The sensor is fully fabricated by injection-moulding and features three conductive polymer electrodes encased in a plastic holder; the reference electrode is further coated with AgCl or AgBr. The sensor is applied to the determination of trace In(III) and Tl(I) by anodic stripping voltammetry using a portable electrochemical set-up featuring a miniature smartphone-based potentiostat and a vibrating device for agitation. For the analysis, the sample containing the target metal ions is spiked with Bi(III) and a bismuth film is electroplated in situ forming an alloy with the accumulated target metals on the working electrode of the sensor; the metals are stripped off by applying a square-wave anodic voltametric scan. Potential interferences in the determination of In(III) and Tl(I) were alleviated by judicious selection of the solution chemistry. Limits of quantification for the target ions were in the low μg L<sup>−1</sup> range and the sensors were applied to the analysis of lake water samples spiked with In(III) and Tl(I) with recoveries in the range of 95–103%.Maria PitsouChristos KokkinosAnastasios EconomouPeter R. FieldenSara J. BaldockNickolas J. GoddardMDPI AGarticleindiumthalliumanodic stripping voltammetryinjection-mouldingconductive electrodesBiochemistryQD415-436ENChemosensors, Vol 9, Iss 310, p 310 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	indium thallium anodic stripping voltammetry injection-moulding conductive electrodes Biochemistry QD415-436
spellingShingle	indium thallium anodic stripping voltammetry injection-moulding conductive electrodes Biochemistry QD415-436 Maria Pitsou Christos Kokkinos Anastasios Economou Peter R. Fielden Sara J. Baldock Nickolas J. Goddard “Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I)
description	This work reports the fabrication of a new environmentally friendly three-electrode electrochemical sensor suitable for on-site voltammetric determination of two toxic emerging ‘technology-critical elements’ (TCEs), namely indium and thallium. The sensor is fully fabricated by injection-moulding and features three conductive polymer electrodes encased in a plastic holder; the reference electrode is further coated with AgCl or AgBr. The sensor is applied to the determination of trace In(III) and Tl(I) by anodic stripping voltammetry using a portable electrochemical set-up featuring a miniature smartphone-based potentiostat and a vibrating device for agitation. For the analysis, the sample containing the target metal ions is spiked with Bi(III) and a bismuth film is electroplated in situ forming an alloy with the accumulated target metals on the working electrode of the sensor; the metals are stripped off by applying a square-wave anodic voltametric scan. Potential interferences in the determination of In(III) and Tl(I) were alleviated by judicious selection of the solution chemistry. Limits of quantification for the target ions were in the low μg L<sup>−1</sup> range and the sensors were applied to the analysis of lake water samples spiked with In(III) and Tl(I) with recoveries in the range of 95–103%.
format	article
author	Maria Pitsou Christos Kokkinos Anastasios Economou Peter R. Fielden Sara J. Baldock Nickolas J. Goddard
author_facet	Maria Pitsou Christos Kokkinos Anastasios Economou Peter R. Fielden Sara J. Baldock Nickolas J. Goddard
author_sort	Maria Pitsou
title	“Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I)
title_short	“Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I)
title_full	“Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I)
title_fullStr	“Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I)
title_full_unstemmed	“Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I)
title_sort	“green” three-electrode sensors fabricated by injection-moulding for on-site stripping voltammetric determination of trace in(iii) and tl(i)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d884831180d54032bd9d6fedef02645c
work_keys_str_mv	AT mariapitsou greenthreeelectrodesensorsfabricatedbyinjectionmouldingforonsitestrippingvoltammetricdeterminationoftraceiniiiandtli AT christoskokkinos greenthreeelectrodesensorsfabricatedbyinjectionmouldingforonsitestrippingvoltammetricdeterminationoftraceiniiiandtli AT anastasioseconomou greenthreeelectrodesensorsfabricatedbyinjectionmouldingforonsitestrippingvoltammetricdeterminationoftraceiniiiandtli AT peterrfielden greenthreeelectrodesensorsfabricatedbyinjectionmouldingforonsitestrippingvoltammetricdeterminationoftraceiniiiandtli AT sarajbaldock greenthreeelectrodesensorsfabricatedbyinjectionmouldingforonsitestrippingvoltammetricdeterminationoftraceiniiiandtli AT nickolasjgoddard greenthreeelectrodesensorsfabricatedbyinjectionmouldingforonsitestrippingvoltammetricdeterminationoftraceiniiiandtli
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“Green” Three-Electrode Sensors Fabricated by Injection-Moulding for On-Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Trace In(III) and Tl(I)

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