Defects in host immune function in tree frogs with chronic chytridiomycosis.

The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused mass mortality leading to population declines and extinctions in many frog species worldwide. The lack of host resistance may be due to fungal immunosuppressive effects that have been observed when Bd is incubated with cultu...

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Autores principales:	Sam Young, Paul Whitehorn, Lee Berger, Lee F Skerratt, Rick Speare, Stephen Garland, Rebecca Webb
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d896de23e4f3492080b800db1ed56d75
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d896de23e4f3492080b800db1ed56d752021-11-25T06:00:56ZDefects in host immune function in tree frogs with chronic chytridiomycosis.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0107284https://doaj.org/article/d896de23e4f3492080b800db1ed56d752014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107284https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused mass mortality leading to population declines and extinctions in many frog species worldwide. The lack of host resistance may be due to fungal immunosuppressive effects that have been observed when Bd is incubated with cultured lymphocytes, but whether in vivo host immunosuppression occurs is unknown. We used a broad range of hematologic and protein electrophoresis biomarkers, along with various functional tests, to assess immune competence in common green (Litoria caerulea) and white-lipped (L. infrafrenata) tree frogs experimentally infected with Bd. Compared with uninfected frogs, Bd infection in L. caerulea caused a reduction in immunoglobulin and splenic lymphocyte responses to antigenic stimulation with sheep red blood cells, along with decreased white blood cell and serum protein concentrations, indicating possible impaired immune response capability of Bd-infected frogs. This is the first in vivo study suggesting that infection with Bd causes multiple defects in systemic host immune function, and this may contribute to disease development in susceptible host species. Although L. infrafrenata failed to maintain Bd infection after exposure, white blood cell and serum globulin concentrations were lower in recovered frogs compared with unexposed frogs, but antigen-specific serum and splenic antibody, and splenic cellular, responses were similar in both recovered and unexposed frogs. This may indicate potential systemic costs associated with infection clearance and/or redirection of host resources towards more effective mechanisms to overcome infection. No clear mechanism for resistance was identified in L. infrafrenata, suggesting that localized and/or innate immune defense mechanisms may be important factors involved in disease resistance in this species.Sam YoungPaul WhitehornLee BergerLee F SkerrattRick SpeareStephen GarlandRebecca WebbPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 9, p e107284 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Sam Young Paul Whitehorn Lee Berger Lee F Skerratt Rick Speare Stephen Garland Rebecca Webb Defects in host immune function in tree frogs with chronic chytridiomycosis.
description	The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused mass mortality leading to population declines and extinctions in many frog species worldwide. The lack of host resistance may be due to fungal immunosuppressive effects that have been observed when Bd is incubated with cultured lymphocytes, but whether in vivo host immunosuppression occurs is unknown. We used a broad range of hematologic and protein electrophoresis biomarkers, along with various functional tests, to assess immune competence in common green (Litoria caerulea) and white-lipped (L. infrafrenata) tree frogs experimentally infected with Bd. Compared with uninfected frogs, Bd infection in L. caerulea caused a reduction in immunoglobulin and splenic lymphocyte responses to antigenic stimulation with sheep red blood cells, along with decreased white blood cell and serum protein concentrations, indicating possible impaired immune response capability of Bd-infected frogs. This is the first in vivo study suggesting that infection with Bd causes multiple defects in systemic host immune function, and this may contribute to disease development in susceptible host species. Although L. infrafrenata failed to maintain Bd infection after exposure, white blood cell and serum globulin concentrations were lower in recovered frogs compared with unexposed frogs, but antigen-specific serum and splenic antibody, and splenic cellular, responses were similar in both recovered and unexposed frogs. This may indicate potential systemic costs associated with infection clearance and/or redirection of host resources towards more effective mechanisms to overcome infection. No clear mechanism for resistance was identified in L. infrafrenata, suggesting that localized and/or innate immune defense mechanisms may be important factors involved in disease resistance in this species.
format	article
author	Sam Young Paul Whitehorn Lee Berger Lee F Skerratt Rick Speare Stephen Garland Rebecca Webb
author_facet	Sam Young Paul Whitehorn Lee Berger Lee F Skerratt Rick Speare Stephen Garland Rebecca Webb
author_sort	Sam Young
title	Defects in host immune function in tree frogs with chronic chytridiomycosis.
title_short	Defects in host immune function in tree frogs with chronic chytridiomycosis.
title_full	Defects in host immune function in tree frogs with chronic chytridiomycosis.
title_fullStr	Defects in host immune function in tree frogs with chronic chytridiomycosis.
title_full_unstemmed	Defects in host immune function in tree frogs with chronic chytridiomycosis.
title_sort	defects in host immune function in tree frogs with chronic chytridiomycosis.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/d896de23e4f3492080b800db1ed56d75
work_keys_str_mv	AT samyoung defectsinhostimmunefunctionintreefrogswithchronicchytridiomycosis AT paulwhitehorn defectsinhostimmunefunctionintreefrogswithchronicchytridiomycosis AT leeberger defectsinhostimmunefunctionintreefrogswithchronicchytridiomycosis AT leefskerratt defectsinhostimmunefunctionintreefrogswithchronicchytridiomycosis AT rickspeare defectsinhostimmunefunctionintreefrogswithchronicchytridiomycosis AT stephengarland defectsinhostimmunefunctionintreefrogswithchronicchytridiomycosis AT rebeccawebb defectsinhostimmunefunctionintreefrogswithchronicchytridiomycosis
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Defects in host immune function in tree frogs with chronic chytridiomycosis.

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