Effects of Deficit Irrigation Scheduling on Water Use, Gas Exchange, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Date Palm

Water scarcity is very common in the arid region due to the low yearly rainfall. The cost of water for agricultural usage is extremely high in dry locations. Date palm is a high water-demanding tree throughout the year in arid regions. Therefore, the application of deficit irrigation strategies for...

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Autores principales:	Maged Mohammed, Abdelkader Sallam, Muhammad Munir, Hassan Ali-Dinar
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	micro-irrigation systems irrigation management arid region water scarcity water use efficiency cloud-based IoT Agriculture S
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d8aff72d410147a0baa6da37ae1b9709
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d8aff72d410147a0baa6da37ae1b97092021-11-25T16:09:03ZEffects of Deficit Irrigation Scheduling on Water Use, Gas Exchange, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Date Palm10.3390/agronomy111122562073-4395https://doaj.org/article/d8aff72d410147a0baa6da37ae1b97092021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/11/2256https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395Water scarcity is very common in the arid region due to the low yearly rainfall. The cost of water for agricultural usage is extremely high in dry locations. Date palm is a high water-demanding tree throughout the year in arid regions. Therefore, the application of deficit irrigation strategies for date palm cultivation may significantly contribute to conserving irrigation water. The present study aimed to assess the effects of controlled deficit irrigation using two modern micro-irrigation systems on water use efficiency (WUE), gas exchange, fruit yield, and quality of date palm (Khalas cv.). The irrigation systems included drip irrigation (DI) and subsurface irrigation (SI) systems. The study was conducted during the 2020 and 2021 seasons at the Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. The meteorological variables of the study area were real-time monitored using cloud-based IoT (Internet of Things) to calculate the evapotranspiration reference (ETo) and control the irrigation scheduling. Three irrigation treatments (50, 75, and 100% ETc) were applied using DI and SI systems compared with the traditional surface bubbler irrigation (Control). The actual applied water at the deficit irrigation treatments of 50, 75, and 100% ETc were 27.28 ± 0.06, 44.14 ± 1.07, and 55.55 ± 0.37 m<sup>3</sup> palm<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. At all deficit irrigation treatments, the leaf chlorophyll and gas exchange were significantly higher in the SI compared to the DI system. The yield of date palms did not differ significantly between the control and SI systems at both the level of 100 and 75% ETc. The WUE under the SI (1.09 kg m<sup>−3</sup>) was significantly higher than the DI system (0.52 kg m<sup>−3</sup>) at the 50% level. There was no significant difference regarding the fruit quality parameters between SI at 50% ETc and control at 100% ETc. Therefore, adopting deficit irrigation strategies using the SI system at 50% ETc level throughout the year could be suggested for date palm irrigation to save water, improve WUE, and maintain fruit quality.Maged MohammedAbdelkader SallamMuhammad MunirHassan Ali-DinarMDPI AGarticlemicro-irrigation systemsirrigation managementarid regionwater scarcitywater use efficiencycloud-based IoTAgricultureSENAgronomy, Vol 11, Iss 2256, p 2256 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	micro-irrigation systems irrigation management arid region water scarcity water use efficiency cloud-based IoT Agriculture S
spellingShingle	micro-irrigation systems irrigation management arid region water scarcity water use efficiency cloud-based IoT Agriculture S Maged Mohammed Abdelkader Sallam Muhammad Munir Hassan Ali-Dinar Effects of Deficit Irrigation Scheduling on Water Use, Gas Exchange, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Date Palm
description	Water scarcity is very common in the arid region due to the low yearly rainfall. The cost of water for agricultural usage is extremely high in dry locations. Date palm is a high water-demanding tree throughout the year in arid regions. Therefore, the application of deficit irrigation strategies for date palm cultivation may significantly contribute to conserving irrigation water. The present study aimed to assess the effects of controlled deficit irrigation using two modern micro-irrigation systems on water use efficiency (WUE), gas exchange, fruit yield, and quality of date palm (Khalas cv.). The irrigation systems included drip irrigation (DI) and subsurface irrigation (SI) systems. The study was conducted during the 2020 and 2021 seasons at the Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. The meteorological variables of the study area were real-time monitored using cloud-based IoT (Internet of Things) to calculate the evapotranspiration reference (ETo) and control the irrigation scheduling. Three irrigation treatments (50, 75, and 100% ETc) were applied using DI and SI systems compared with the traditional surface bubbler irrigation (Control). The actual applied water at the deficit irrigation treatments of 50, 75, and 100% ETc were 27.28 ± 0.06, 44.14 ± 1.07, and 55.55 ± 0.37 m<sup>3</sup> palm<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. At all deficit irrigation treatments, the leaf chlorophyll and gas exchange were significantly higher in the SI compared to the DI system. The yield of date palms did not differ significantly between the control and SI systems at both the level of 100 and 75% ETc. The WUE under the SI (1.09 kg m<sup>−3</sup>) was significantly higher than the DI system (0.52 kg m<sup>−3</sup>) at the 50% level. There was no significant difference regarding the fruit quality parameters between SI at 50% ETc and control at 100% ETc. Therefore, adopting deficit irrigation strategies using the SI system at 50% ETc level throughout the year could be suggested for date palm irrigation to save water, improve WUE, and maintain fruit quality.
format	article
author	Maged Mohammed Abdelkader Sallam Muhammad Munir Hassan Ali-Dinar
author_facet	Maged Mohammed Abdelkader Sallam Muhammad Munir Hassan Ali-Dinar
author_sort	Maged Mohammed
title	Effects of Deficit Irrigation Scheduling on Water Use, Gas Exchange, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Date Palm
title_short	Effects of Deficit Irrigation Scheduling on Water Use, Gas Exchange, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Date Palm
title_full	Effects of Deficit Irrigation Scheduling on Water Use, Gas Exchange, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Date Palm
title_fullStr	Effects of Deficit Irrigation Scheduling on Water Use, Gas Exchange, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Date Palm
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of Deficit Irrigation Scheduling on Water Use, Gas Exchange, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Date Palm
title_sort	effects of deficit irrigation scheduling on water use, gas exchange, yield, and fruit quality of date palm
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d8aff72d410147a0baa6da37ae1b9709
work_keys_str_mv	AT magedmohammed effectsofdeficitirrigationschedulingonwaterusegasexchangeyieldandfruitqualityofdatepalm AT abdelkadersallam effectsofdeficitirrigationschedulingonwaterusegasexchangeyieldandfruitqualityofdatepalm AT muhammadmunir effectsofdeficitirrigationschedulingonwaterusegasexchangeyieldandfruitqualityofdatepalm AT hassanalidinar effectsofdeficitirrigationschedulingonwaterusegasexchangeyieldandfruitqualityofdatepalm
_version_	1718413345601617920

Effects of Deficit Irrigation Scheduling on Water Use, Gas Exchange, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Date Palm

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