Optimization Effect of Ultrasound on Rupture Force and Kernel Extracting Quality of Walnut using Response Surface Method (RSM)

IntroductionOne of the most important and sensitive steps after walnut harvesting is the separation of the kernel from its shell. Walnut rupture force is an appropriate criterion for design with high performance and better quality, which can be used as the basis for designing and adjusting the vario...

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Autores principales:	E Biabani Agdam, M. H Khoshtaghaza, Gh Najafi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN FA
Publicado:	Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 2021
Materias:	loading speed and direction ultrasound bath walnut rupture Agriculture (General) S1-972 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d8b15170398a4e1f902c4e4da7d428a1
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:d8b15170398a4e1f902c4e4da7d428a1
record_format	dspace
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN FA
topic	loading speed and direction ultrasound bath walnut rupture Agriculture (General) S1-972 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040
spellingShingle	loading speed and direction ultrasound bath walnut rupture Agriculture (General) S1-972 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 E Biabani Agdam M. H Khoshtaghaza Gh Najafi Optimization Effect of Ultrasound on Rupture Force and Kernel Extracting Quality of Walnut using Response Surface Method (RSM)
description	IntroductionOne of the most important and sensitive steps after walnut harvesting is the separation of the kernel from its shell. Walnut rupture force is an appropriate criterion for design with high performance and better quality, which can be used as the basis for designing and adjusting the various parts of machines that are in contact with walnut. The lower rupture force caused the less energy requirement to separate the walnut kernel from the shell. The use of ultrasound in ambient fluids is well known to cause turbulence and biological cell rupture. These effects arise principally from the phenomenon known as cavitation which can scour surfaces and damage cellular material. Therefore the object of this study is to find the effect of ultrasound factors on the amount of walnut rupture force and quality of kernel extraction.Materials and MethodsWalnut paper variety was selected from a Qazvin province orchard for this study. To determine the initial moisture content of the nuts, the samples were dried in an oven at 105°C for 24 h. Initial moisture content was found 5.5 (%w.b). The ultrasounds bath system (D-78224 Singen/htw, Elma, Germany) was used with a nominal frequency of 50 kHz and power of 1000 W. In this research, based on the pretest results and previous studies (Cao et al., 2010; Entezari et al., 2004) walnut samples were treated with three ultrasound time duration (5, 10 and 15 min) and three ultrasound bath temperature (20, 35, and 50ºC). Moisture content of the walnuts after ultrasound treatment was 8.8 (%w.b). After the walnut samples were treated by ultrasonic factors, a material testing machine (H50 K-S, Hounsfield, England) was used to determine the rupture force of the walnuts. The walnut was placed between two plates, and loaded at three loading speeds (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mm s-1) and pressed until the walnut ruptured. Rupture force was applied along with X and Y axes. The X-axis was in the longitudinal axis through the hilum to the tip (length) and the Y-axis was in the latitudinal axis (width) at right angles to the X-axis. Kernel extraction quality was classified into grades according to size and number of broken pieces of the kernel. Central composite design (CCD) of resound surface method was used to optimize the effect of ultrasonic factors on walnut kernel extraction.Results and DiscussionThe results indicated that the loading speed, ultrasound time duration, loading direction, and moisture content had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) and ultrasound bath temperature (P<0.05) on the rupture force and kernel extracting quality. Regarding the sum of squares of ANOVA results, the ultrasound time duration factor had the most effect on the rupture force and the loading direction factor had the most effect on kernel extraction quality. By increasing bath temperature and ultrasound time duration, walnut rupture force was decreased. The minimum walnut rupture force was obtained in 25 min ultrasound time duration, 50ºC bath temperature, 1.5 mm s-1 loading speed, and width loading direction for wet walnut. By increasing bath temperature, walnut kernel losses were increased. The best kernel extraction quality was obtained in 2.5 mm s-1 loading speed, 25 min ultrasound duration, 20ºC bath temperature, and longitudinal loading direction. The proposed optimal point was obtained at 64.4 N rupture force, and two half of the kernel at 1.3 mm s-1 loading speed, 25 min ultrasound duration, 50ºC bath temperature, and longitudinal loading direction for wet walnut.ConclusionsThe walnut ultrasound treated samples had minimum rupture force and the best quality kernel extraction. It was observed that by increasing the loading speed and ultrasound time duration, the percentage of whole kernels and the quality degree of broken kernels increased.
format	article
author	E Biabani Agdam M. H Khoshtaghaza Gh Najafi
author_facet	E Biabani Agdam M. H Khoshtaghaza Gh Najafi
author_sort	E Biabani Agdam
title	Optimization Effect of Ultrasound on Rupture Force and Kernel Extracting Quality of Walnut using Response Surface Method (RSM)
title_short	Optimization Effect of Ultrasound on Rupture Force and Kernel Extracting Quality of Walnut using Response Surface Method (RSM)
title_full	Optimization Effect of Ultrasound on Rupture Force and Kernel Extracting Quality of Walnut using Response Surface Method (RSM)
title_fullStr	Optimization Effect of Ultrasound on Rupture Force and Kernel Extracting Quality of Walnut using Response Surface Method (RSM)
title_full_unstemmed	Optimization Effect of Ultrasound on Rupture Force and Kernel Extracting Quality of Walnut using Response Surface Method (RSM)
title_sort	optimization effect of ultrasound on rupture force and kernel extracting quality of walnut using response surface method (rsm)
publisher	Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d8b15170398a4e1f902c4e4da7d428a1
work_keys_str_mv	AT ebiabaniagdam optimizationeffectofultrasoundonruptureforceandkernelextractingqualityofwalnutusingresponsesurfacemethodrsm AT mhkhoshtaghaza optimizationeffectofultrasoundonruptureforceandkernelextractingqualityofwalnutusingresponsesurfacemethodrsm AT ghnajafi optimizationeffectofultrasoundonruptureforceandkernelextractingqualityofwalnutusingresponsesurfacemethodrsm
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d8b15170398a4e1f902c4e4da7d428a12021-11-14T06:40:21ZOptimization Effect of Ultrasound on Rupture Force and Kernel Extracting Quality of Walnut using Response Surface Method (RSM)2228-68292423-394310.22067/jam.v11i2.80096https://doaj.org/article/d8b15170398a4e1f902c4e4da7d428a12021-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://jame.um.ac.ir/article_34813_1a8ebaaf1c357ab603bc9b38dc7b4f9a.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/2228-6829https://doaj.org/toc/2423-3943IntroductionOne of the most important and sensitive steps after walnut harvesting is the separation of the kernel from its shell. Walnut rupture force is an appropriate criterion for design with high performance and better quality, which can be used as the basis for designing and adjusting the various parts of machines that are in contact with walnut. The lower rupture force caused the less energy requirement to separate the walnut kernel from the shell. The use of ultrasound in ambient fluids is well known to cause turbulence and biological cell rupture. These effects arise principally from the phenomenon known as cavitation which can scour surfaces and damage cellular material. Therefore the object of this study is to find the effect of ultrasound factors on the amount of walnut rupture force and quality of kernel extraction.Materials and MethodsWalnut paper variety was selected from a Qazvin province orchard for this study. To determine the initial moisture content of the nuts, the samples were dried in an oven at 105°C for 24 h. Initial moisture content was found 5.5 (%w.b). The ultrasounds bath system (D-78224 Singen/htw, Elma, Germany) was used with a nominal frequency of 50 kHz and power of 1000 W. In this research, based on the pretest results and previous studies (Cao et al., 2010; Entezari et al., 2004) walnut samples were treated with three ultrasound time duration (5, 10 and 15 min) and three ultrasound bath temperature (20, 35, and 50ºC). Moisture content of the walnuts after ultrasound treatment was 8.8 (%w.b). After the walnut samples were treated by ultrasonic factors, a material testing machine (H50 K-S, Hounsfield, England) was used to determine the rupture force of the walnuts. The walnut was placed between two plates, and loaded at three loading speeds (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mm s-1) and pressed until the walnut ruptured. Rupture force was applied along with X and Y axes. The X-axis was in the longitudinal axis through the hilum to the tip (length) and the Y-axis was in the latitudinal axis (width) at right angles to the X-axis. Kernel extraction quality was classified into grades according to size and number of broken pieces of the kernel. Central composite design (CCD) of resound surface method was used to optimize the effect of ultrasonic factors on walnut kernel extraction.Results and DiscussionThe results indicated that the loading speed, ultrasound time duration, loading direction, and moisture content had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) and ultrasound bath temperature (P<0.05) on the rupture force and kernel extracting quality. Regarding the sum of squares of ANOVA results, the ultrasound time duration factor had the most effect on the rupture force and the loading direction factor had the most effect on kernel extraction quality. By increasing bath temperature and ultrasound time duration, walnut rupture force was decreased. The minimum walnut rupture force was obtained in 25 min ultrasound time duration, 50ºC bath temperature, 1.5 mm s-1 loading speed, and width loading direction for wet walnut. By increasing bath temperature, walnut kernel losses were increased. The best kernel extraction quality was obtained in 2.5 mm s-1 loading speed, 25 min ultrasound duration, 20ºC bath temperature, and longitudinal loading direction. The proposed optimal point was obtained at 64.4 N rupture force, and two half of the kernel at 1.3 mm s-1 loading speed, 25 min ultrasound duration, 50ºC bath temperature, and longitudinal loading direction for wet walnut.ConclusionsThe walnut ultrasound treated samples had minimum rupture force and the best quality kernel extraction. It was observed that by increasing the loading speed and ultrasound time duration, the percentage of whole kernels and the quality degree of broken kernels increased.E Biabani AgdamM. H KhoshtaghazaGh NajafiFerdowsi University of Mashhadarticleloading speed and directionultrasound bathwalnut ruptureAgriculture (General)S1-972Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040ENFAJournal of Agricultural Machinery, Vol 11, Iss 2, Pp 331-342 (2021)

Optimization Effect of Ultrasound on Rupture Force and Kernel Extracting Quality of Walnut using Response Surface Method (RSM)

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