Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction

Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics following low-level “background” exposure to antimicrobial agents as well as from exposure at therapeutic levels during treatment for bacterial infections. In this review, we look specifically at antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the equine reproductive tra...

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Autores principales:	Pongpreecha Malaluang, Elin Wilén, Johanna Lindahl, Ingrid Hansson, Jane M. Morrell
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	antibiotics resistance mechanisms sperm quality uterine health semen extenders prudent use of antimicrobials Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d90dff86bcf6424e8d9b83a3fb72af8a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d90dff86bcf6424e8d9b83a3fb72af8a2021-11-25T16:13:57ZAntimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction10.3390/ani111130352076-2615https://doaj.org/article/d90dff86bcf6424e8d9b83a3fb72af8a2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/11/3035https://doaj.org/toc/2076-2615Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics following low-level “background” exposure to antimicrobial agents as well as from exposure at therapeutic levels during treatment for bacterial infections. In this review, we look specifically at antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the equine reproductive tract and its possible origin, focusing particularly on antibiotics in semen extenders used in preparing semen doses for artificial insemination. Our review of the literature indicated that AMR in the equine uterus and vagina were reported worldwide in the last 20 years, in locations as diverse as Europe, India, and the United States. Bacteria colonizing the mucosa of the reproductive tract are transferred to semen during collection; further contamination of the semen may occur during processing, despite strict attention to hygiene at critical control points. These bacteria compete with spermatozoa for nutrients in the semen extender, producing metabolic byproducts and toxins that have a detrimental effect on sperm quality. Potential pathogens such as <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> may occasionally cause fertility issues in inseminated mares. Antibiotics are added during semen processing, according to legislation, to impede the growth of these microorganisms but may have a detrimental effect on sperm quality, depending on the antimicrobial agent and concentration used. However, this addition of antibiotics is counter to current recommendations on the prudent use of antibiotics, which recommend that antibiotics should be used only for therapeutic purposes and after establishing bacterial sensitivity. There is some evidence of resistance among bacteria found in semen samples. Potential alternatives to the addition of antibiotics are considered, especially physical removal separation of spermatozoa from bacteria. Suggestions for further research with colloid centrifugation are provided.Pongpreecha MalaluangElin WilénJohanna LindahlIngrid HanssonJane M. MorrellMDPI AGarticleantibioticsresistance mechanismssperm qualityuterine healthsemen extendersprudent use of antimicrobialsVeterinary medicineSF600-1100ZoologyQL1-991ENAnimals, Vol 11, Iss 3035, p 3035 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	antibiotics resistance mechanisms sperm quality uterine health semen extenders prudent use of antimicrobials Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991
spellingShingle	antibiotics resistance mechanisms sperm quality uterine health semen extenders prudent use of antimicrobials Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991 Pongpreecha Malaluang Elin Wilén Johanna Lindahl Ingrid Hansson Jane M. Morrell Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction
description	Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics following low-level “background” exposure to antimicrobial agents as well as from exposure at therapeutic levels during treatment for bacterial infections. In this review, we look specifically at antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the equine reproductive tract and its possible origin, focusing particularly on antibiotics in semen extenders used in preparing semen doses for artificial insemination. Our review of the literature indicated that AMR in the equine uterus and vagina were reported worldwide in the last 20 years, in locations as diverse as Europe, India, and the United States. Bacteria colonizing the mucosa of the reproductive tract are transferred to semen during collection; further contamination of the semen may occur during processing, despite strict attention to hygiene at critical control points. These bacteria compete with spermatozoa for nutrients in the semen extender, producing metabolic byproducts and toxins that have a detrimental effect on sperm quality. Potential pathogens such as <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> may occasionally cause fertility issues in inseminated mares. Antibiotics are added during semen processing, according to legislation, to impede the growth of these microorganisms but may have a detrimental effect on sperm quality, depending on the antimicrobial agent and concentration used. However, this addition of antibiotics is counter to current recommendations on the prudent use of antibiotics, which recommend that antibiotics should be used only for therapeutic purposes and after establishing bacterial sensitivity. There is some evidence of resistance among bacteria found in semen samples. Potential alternatives to the addition of antibiotics are considered, especially physical removal separation of spermatozoa from bacteria. Suggestions for further research with colloid centrifugation are provided.
format	article
author	Pongpreecha Malaluang Elin Wilén Johanna Lindahl Ingrid Hansson Jane M. Morrell
author_facet	Pongpreecha Malaluang Elin Wilén Johanna Lindahl Ingrid Hansson Jane M. Morrell
author_sort	Pongpreecha Malaluang
title	Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction
title_short	Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction
title_full	Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction
title_fullStr	Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction
title_full_unstemmed	Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction
title_sort	antimicrobial resistance in equine reproduction
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d90dff86bcf6424e8d9b83a3fb72af8a
work_keys_str_mv	AT pongpreechamalaluang antimicrobialresistanceinequinereproduction AT elinwilen antimicrobialresistanceinequinereproduction AT johannalindahl antimicrobialresistanceinequinereproduction AT ingridhansson antimicrobialresistanceinequinereproduction AT janemmorrell antimicrobialresistanceinequinereproduction
_version_	1718413285885214720

Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction

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