Evaluation of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in <italic toggle="yes">Escherichia coli</italic> Exposed to Long-Term Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity and Background Antibiotic Exposure

ABSTRACT The long-term response of microbial communities to the microgravity environment of space is not yet fully understood. Of special interest is the possibility that members of these communities may acquire antibiotic resistance. In this study, Escherichia coli cells were grown under low-shear...

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Autores principales:	Madhan R. Tirumalai, Fathi Karouia, Quyen Tran, Victor G. Stepanov, Rebekah J. Bruce, C. Mark Ott, Duane L. Pierson, George E. Fox
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2019
Materias:	Escherichia coli antibiotic resistance microgravity Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d91d94ba901144bea9787a024c551038
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d91d94ba901144bea9787a024c5510382021-11-15T15:55:14ZEvaluation of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in <italic toggle="yes">Escherichia coli</italic> Exposed to Long-Term Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity and Background Antibiotic Exposure10.1128/mBio.02637-182150-7511https://doaj.org/article/d91d94ba901144bea9787a024c5510382019-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.02637-18https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT The long-term response of microbial communities to the microgravity environment of space is not yet fully understood. Of special interest is the possibility that members of these communities may acquire antibiotic resistance. In this study, Escherichia coli cells were grown under low-shear modeled microgravity (LSMMG) conditions for over 1,000 generations (1000G) using chloramphenicol treatment between cycles to prevent contamination. The results were compared with data from an earlier control study done under identical conditions using steam sterilization between cycles rather than chloramphenicol. The sensitivity of the final 1000G-adapted strain to a variety of antibiotics was determined using Vitek analysis. In addition to resistance to chloramphenicol, the adapted strain acquired resistance to cefalotin, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, cefoxitin, and tetracycline. In fact, the resistance to chloramphenicol and cefalotin persisted for over 110 generations despite the removal of both LSMMG conditions and trace antibiotic exposure. Genome sequencing of the adapted strain revealed 22 major changes, including 3 transposon-mediated rearrangements (TMRs). Two TMRs disrupted coding genes (involved in bacterial adhesion), while the third resulted in the deletion of an entire segment (14,314 bp) of the genome, which includes 14 genes involved with motility and chemotaxis. These results are in stark contrast with data from our earlier control study in which cells grown under the identical conditions without antibiotic exposure never acquired antibiotic resistance. Overall, LSMMG does not appear to alter the antibiotic stress resistance seen in microbial ecosystems not exposed to microgravity. IMPORTANCE Stress factors experienced during space include microgravity, sleep deprivation, radiation, isolation, and microbial contamination, all of which can promote immune suppression (1, 2). Under these conditions, the risk of infection from opportunistic pathogens increases significantly, particularly during long-term missions (3). If infection occurs, it is important that the infectious agent should not be antibiotic resistant. Minimizing the occurrence of antibiotic resistance is, therefore, highly desirable. To facilitate this, it is important to better understand the long-term response of bacteria to the microgravity environment. This study demonstrated that the use of antibiotics as a preventive measure could be counterproductive and would likely result in persistent resistance to that antibiotic. In addition, unintended resistance to other antimicrobials might also occur as well as permanent genome changes that might have other unanticipated and undesirable consequences.Madhan R. TirumalaiFathi KarouiaQuyen TranVictor G. StepanovRebekah J. BruceC. Mark OttDuane L. PiersonGeorge E. FoxAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleEscherichia coliantibiotic resistancemicrogravityMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 10, Iss 1 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Escherichia coli antibiotic resistance microgravity Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Escherichia coli antibiotic resistance microgravity Microbiology QR1-502 Madhan R. Tirumalai Fathi Karouia Quyen Tran Victor G. Stepanov Rebekah J. Bruce C. Mark Ott Duane L. Pierson George E. Fox Evaluation of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in <italic toggle="yes">Escherichia coli</italic> Exposed to Long-Term Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity and Background Antibiotic Exposure
description	ABSTRACT The long-term response of microbial communities to the microgravity environment of space is not yet fully understood. Of special interest is the possibility that members of these communities may acquire antibiotic resistance. In this study, Escherichia coli cells were grown under low-shear modeled microgravity (LSMMG) conditions for over 1,000 generations (1000G) using chloramphenicol treatment between cycles to prevent contamination. The results were compared with data from an earlier control study done under identical conditions using steam sterilization between cycles rather than chloramphenicol. The sensitivity of the final 1000G-adapted strain to a variety of antibiotics was determined using Vitek analysis. In addition to resistance to chloramphenicol, the adapted strain acquired resistance to cefalotin, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, cefoxitin, and tetracycline. In fact, the resistance to chloramphenicol and cefalotin persisted for over 110 generations despite the removal of both LSMMG conditions and trace antibiotic exposure. Genome sequencing of the adapted strain revealed 22 major changes, including 3 transposon-mediated rearrangements (TMRs). Two TMRs disrupted coding genes (involved in bacterial adhesion), while the third resulted in the deletion of an entire segment (14,314 bp) of the genome, which includes 14 genes involved with motility and chemotaxis. These results are in stark contrast with data from our earlier control study in which cells grown under the identical conditions without antibiotic exposure never acquired antibiotic resistance. Overall, LSMMG does not appear to alter the antibiotic stress resistance seen in microbial ecosystems not exposed to microgravity. IMPORTANCE Stress factors experienced during space include microgravity, sleep deprivation, radiation, isolation, and microbial contamination, all of which can promote immune suppression (1, 2). Under these conditions, the risk of infection from opportunistic pathogens increases significantly, particularly during long-term missions (3). If infection occurs, it is important that the infectious agent should not be antibiotic resistant. Minimizing the occurrence of antibiotic resistance is, therefore, highly desirable. To facilitate this, it is important to better understand the long-term response of bacteria to the microgravity environment. This study demonstrated that the use of antibiotics as a preventive measure could be counterproductive and would likely result in persistent resistance to that antibiotic. In addition, unintended resistance to other antimicrobials might also occur as well as permanent genome changes that might have other unanticipated and undesirable consequences.
format	article
author	Madhan R. Tirumalai Fathi Karouia Quyen Tran Victor G. Stepanov Rebekah J. Bruce C. Mark Ott Duane L. Pierson George E. Fox
author_facet	Madhan R. Tirumalai Fathi Karouia Quyen Tran Victor G. Stepanov Rebekah J. Bruce C. Mark Ott Duane L. Pierson George E. Fox
author_sort	Madhan R. Tirumalai
title	Evaluation of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in <italic toggle="yes">Escherichia coli</italic> Exposed to Long-Term Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity and Background Antibiotic Exposure
title_short	Evaluation of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in <italic toggle="yes">Escherichia coli</italic> Exposed to Long-Term Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity and Background Antibiotic Exposure
title_full	Evaluation of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in <italic toggle="yes">Escherichia coli</italic> Exposed to Long-Term Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity and Background Antibiotic Exposure
title_fullStr	Evaluation of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in <italic toggle="yes">Escherichia coli</italic> Exposed to Long-Term Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity and Background Antibiotic Exposure
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in <italic toggle="yes">Escherichia coli</italic> Exposed to Long-Term Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity and Background Antibiotic Exposure
title_sort	evaluation of acquired antibiotic resistance in <italic toggle="yes">escherichia coli</italic> exposed to long-term low-shear modeled microgravity and background antibiotic exposure
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/d91d94ba901144bea9787a024c551038
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Evaluation of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in <italic toggle="yes">Escherichia coli</italic> Exposed to Long-Term Low-Shear Modeled Microgravity and Background Antibiotic Exposure

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