A Perfect Storm: Increased Colonization and Failure of Vaccination Leads to Severe Secondary Bacterial Infection in Influenza Virus-Infected Obese Mice

ABSTRACT Obesity is a risk factor for developing severe disease following influenza virus infection; however, the comorbidity of obesity and secondary bacterial infection, a serious complication of influenza virus infections, is unknown. To fill this gap in knowledge, lean and obese C57BL/6 mice wer...

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Autores principales: Erik A. Karlsson, Victoria A. Meliopoulos, Nicholas C. van de Velde, Lee-Ann van de Velde, Beth Mann, Geli Gao, Jason Rosch, Elaine Tuomanen, Jon McCullers, Peter Vogel, Stacey Schultz-Cherry
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Publicado: American Society for Microbiology 2017
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:d96ed1881a754155b64ba03834a557e62021-11-15T15:51:50ZA Perfect Storm: Increased Colonization and Failure of Vaccination Leads to Severe Secondary Bacterial Infection in Influenza Virus-Infected Obese Mice10.1128/mBio.00889-172150-7511https://doaj.org/article/d96ed1881a754155b64ba03834a557e62017-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00889-17https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Obesity is a risk factor for developing severe disease following influenza virus infection; however, the comorbidity of obesity and secondary bacterial infection, a serious complication of influenza virus infections, is unknown. To fill this gap in knowledge, lean and obese C57BL/6 mice were infected with a nonlethal dose of influenza virus followed by a nonlethal dose of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Strikingly, not only did significantly enhanced death occur in obese coinfected mice compared to lean controls, but also high mortality was seen irrespective of influenza virus strain, bacterial strain, or timing of coinfection. This result was unexpected, given that most influenza virus strains, especially seasonal human A and B viruses, are nonlethal in this model. Both viral and bacterial titers were increased in the upper respiratory tract and lungs of obese animals as early as days 1 and 2 post-bacterial infection, leading to a significant decrease in lung function. This increased bacterial load correlated with extensive cellular damage and upregulation of platelet-activating factor receptor, a host receptor central to pneumococcal invasion. Importantly, while vaccination of obese mice against either influenza virus or pneumococcus failed to confer protection, antibiotic treatment was able to resolve secondary bacterial infection-associated mortality. Overall, secondary bacterial pneumonia could be a widespread, unaddressed public health problem in an increasingly obese population. IMPORTANCE Worldwide obesity rates have continued to increase. Obesity is associated with increased severity of influenza virus infection; however, very little is known about respiratory coinfections in this expanding, high-risk population. Our studies utilized a coinfection model to show that obesity increases mortality from secondary bacterial infection following influenza virus challenge through a “perfect storm” of host factors that lead to excessive viral and bacterial outgrowth. In addition, we found that vaccination of obese mice against either virus or bacteria failed to confer protection against coinfection, but antibiotic treatment did alleviate mortality. Combined, these results represent an understudied and imminent public health concern in a weighty portion of the global population.Erik A. KarlssonVictoria A. MeliopoulosNicholas C. van de VeldeLee-Ann van de VeldeBeth MannGeli GaoJason RoschElaine TuomanenJon McCullersPeter VogelStacey Schultz-CherryAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleStreptococcus pneumoniaecoinfectioninfluenzalung infectionobesityMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 8, Iss 5 (2017)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic Streptococcus pneumoniae
coinfection
influenza
lung infection
obesity
Microbiology
QR1-502
spellingShingle Streptococcus pneumoniae
coinfection
influenza
lung infection
obesity
Microbiology
QR1-502
Erik A. Karlsson
Victoria A. Meliopoulos
Nicholas C. van de Velde
Lee-Ann van de Velde
Beth Mann
Geli Gao
Jason Rosch
Elaine Tuomanen
Jon McCullers
Peter Vogel
Stacey Schultz-Cherry
A Perfect Storm: Increased Colonization and Failure of Vaccination Leads to Severe Secondary Bacterial Infection in Influenza Virus-Infected Obese Mice
description ABSTRACT Obesity is a risk factor for developing severe disease following influenza virus infection; however, the comorbidity of obesity and secondary bacterial infection, a serious complication of influenza virus infections, is unknown. To fill this gap in knowledge, lean and obese C57BL/6 mice were infected with a nonlethal dose of influenza virus followed by a nonlethal dose of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Strikingly, not only did significantly enhanced death occur in obese coinfected mice compared to lean controls, but also high mortality was seen irrespective of influenza virus strain, bacterial strain, or timing of coinfection. This result was unexpected, given that most influenza virus strains, especially seasonal human A and B viruses, are nonlethal in this model. Both viral and bacterial titers were increased in the upper respiratory tract and lungs of obese animals as early as days 1 and 2 post-bacterial infection, leading to a significant decrease in lung function. This increased bacterial load correlated with extensive cellular damage and upregulation of platelet-activating factor receptor, a host receptor central to pneumococcal invasion. Importantly, while vaccination of obese mice against either influenza virus or pneumococcus failed to confer protection, antibiotic treatment was able to resolve secondary bacterial infection-associated mortality. Overall, secondary bacterial pneumonia could be a widespread, unaddressed public health problem in an increasingly obese population. IMPORTANCE Worldwide obesity rates have continued to increase. Obesity is associated with increased severity of influenza virus infection; however, very little is known about respiratory coinfections in this expanding, high-risk population. Our studies utilized a coinfection model to show that obesity increases mortality from secondary bacterial infection following influenza virus challenge through a “perfect storm” of host factors that lead to excessive viral and bacterial outgrowth. In addition, we found that vaccination of obese mice against either virus or bacteria failed to confer protection against coinfection, but antibiotic treatment did alleviate mortality. Combined, these results represent an understudied and imminent public health concern in a weighty portion of the global population.
format article
author Erik A. Karlsson
Victoria A. Meliopoulos
Nicholas C. van de Velde
Lee-Ann van de Velde
Beth Mann
Geli Gao
Jason Rosch
Elaine Tuomanen
Jon McCullers
Peter Vogel
Stacey Schultz-Cherry
author_facet Erik A. Karlsson
Victoria A. Meliopoulos
Nicholas C. van de Velde
Lee-Ann van de Velde
Beth Mann
Geli Gao
Jason Rosch
Elaine Tuomanen
Jon McCullers
Peter Vogel
Stacey Schultz-Cherry
author_sort Erik A. Karlsson
title A Perfect Storm: Increased Colonization and Failure of Vaccination Leads to Severe Secondary Bacterial Infection in Influenza Virus-Infected Obese Mice
title_short A Perfect Storm: Increased Colonization and Failure of Vaccination Leads to Severe Secondary Bacterial Infection in Influenza Virus-Infected Obese Mice
title_full A Perfect Storm: Increased Colonization and Failure of Vaccination Leads to Severe Secondary Bacterial Infection in Influenza Virus-Infected Obese Mice
title_fullStr A Perfect Storm: Increased Colonization and Failure of Vaccination Leads to Severe Secondary Bacterial Infection in Influenza Virus-Infected Obese Mice
title_full_unstemmed A Perfect Storm: Increased Colonization and Failure of Vaccination Leads to Severe Secondary Bacterial Infection in Influenza Virus-Infected Obese Mice
title_sort perfect storm: increased colonization and failure of vaccination leads to severe secondary bacterial infection in influenza virus-infected obese mice
publisher American Society for Microbiology
publishDate 2017
url https://doaj.org/article/d96ed1881a754155b64ba03834a557e6
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