JOM-4S Overhauser Magnetometer and Sensitivity Estimation

The Overhauser magnetometer is a scalar quantum magnetometer based on the dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) effect in the Earth’s magnetic field. Sensitivity is a key technical specification reflecting the ability of instruments to sense small variations of the Earth’s magnetic field and is closely...

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Autores principales:	Xiaorong Gong, Shudong Chen, Shuang Zhang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Overhauser magnetometer (OVM) sensitivity proton magnetometer dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) scale quantum magnetometer Chemical technology TP1-1185
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d9ca372082554dc4a2ba895e0caaac76
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d9ca372082554dc4a2ba895e0caaac762021-11-25T18:58:42ZJOM-4S Overhauser Magnetometer and Sensitivity Estimation10.3390/s212276981424-8220https://doaj.org/article/d9ca372082554dc4a2ba895e0caaac762021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7698https://doaj.org/toc/1424-8220The Overhauser magnetometer is a scalar quantum magnetometer based on the dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) effect in the Earth’s magnetic field. Sensitivity is a key technical specification reflecting the ability of instruments to sense small variations of the Earth’s magnetic field and is closely related to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the free induction decay (FID) signal. In this study, deuterated <sup>15</sup>N TEMPONE radical is used in our sensor to obtain high DNP enhancement. The measured SNR of the FID signal is approximately 63/1, and the transverse relaxation time <i>T</i><sub>2</sub> is 2.68 s. The direct measurement method with a single instrument and the synchronous measurement method with two instruments are discussed for sensitivity estimation in time and frequency domains under different electromagnetic interference (EMI) environments and different time periods. For the first time, the correlation coefficient of the magnetic field measured by the two instruments is used to judge the degree of the influence of the environmental noise on the sensitivity estimation. The sensitivity evaluation in the field environment is successfully realized without electrical and magnetic shields. The direct measurement method is susceptible to EMI and cannot work in general electromagnetic environments, except it is sufficiently quiet. The synchronous measurement method has an excellent ability to remove most natural and artificial EMIs and can be used under noisy environments. Direct and synchronous experimental results show that the estimated sensitivity of the JOM-4S magnetometer is approximately 0.01 nT in time domain and approximately 0.01 nT/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mi>Hz</mi></mrow></msqrt></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in frequency domain at a 3 s cycling time. This study provides a low-cost, simple, and effective sensitivity estimation method, which is especially suitable for developers and users to estimate the performance of the instrument.Xiaorong GongShudong ChenShuang ZhangMDPI AGarticleOverhauser magnetometer (OVM)sensitivityproton magnetometerdynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)scale quantum magnetometerChemical technologyTP1-1185ENSensors, Vol 21, Iss 7698, p 7698 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Overhauser magnetometer (OVM) sensitivity proton magnetometer dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) scale quantum magnetometer Chemical technology TP1-1185
spellingShingle	Overhauser magnetometer (OVM) sensitivity proton magnetometer dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) scale quantum magnetometer Chemical technology TP1-1185 Xiaorong Gong Shudong Chen Shuang Zhang JOM-4S Overhauser Magnetometer and Sensitivity Estimation
description	The Overhauser magnetometer is a scalar quantum magnetometer based on the dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) effect in the Earth’s magnetic field. Sensitivity is a key technical specification reflecting the ability of instruments to sense small variations of the Earth’s magnetic field and is closely related to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the free induction decay (FID) signal. In this study, deuterated <sup>15</sup>N TEMPONE radical is used in our sensor to obtain high DNP enhancement. The measured SNR of the FID signal is approximately 63/1, and the transverse relaxation time <i>T</i><sub>2</sub> is 2.68 s. The direct measurement method with a single instrument and the synchronous measurement method with two instruments are discussed for sensitivity estimation in time and frequency domains under different electromagnetic interference (EMI) environments and different time periods. For the first time, the correlation coefficient of the magnetic field measured by the two instruments is used to judge the degree of the influence of the environmental noise on the sensitivity estimation. The sensitivity evaluation in the field environment is successfully realized without electrical and magnetic shields. The direct measurement method is susceptible to EMI and cannot work in general electromagnetic environments, except it is sufficiently quiet. The synchronous measurement method has an excellent ability to remove most natural and artificial EMIs and can be used under noisy environments. Direct and synchronous experimental results show that the estimated sensitivity of the JOM-4S magnetometer is approximately 0.01 nT in time domain and approximately 0.01 nT/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mi>Hz</mi></mrow></msqrt></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in frequency domain at a 3 s cycling time. This study provides a low-cost, simple, and effective sensitivity estimation method, which is especially suitable for developers and users to estimate the performance of the instrument.
format	article
author	Xiaorong Gong Shudong Chen Shuang Zhang
author_facet	Xiaorong Gong Shudong Chen Shuang Zhang
author_sort	Xiaorong Gong
title	JOM-4S Overhauser Magnetometer and Sensitivity Estimation
title_short	JOM-4S Overhauser Magnetometer and Sensitivity Estimation
title_full	JOM-4S Overhauser Magnetometer and Sensitivity Estimation
title_fullStr	JOM-4S Overhauser Magnetometer and Sensitivity Estimation
title_full_unstemmed	JOM-4S Overhauser Magnetometer and Sensitivity Estimation
title_sort	jom-4s overhauser magnetometer and sensitivity estimation
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d9ca372082554dc4a2ba895e0caaac76
work_keys_str_mv	AT xiaoronggong jom4soverhausermagnetometerandsensitivityestimation AT shudongchen jom4soverhausermagnetometerandsensitivityestimation AT shuangzhang jom4soverhausermagnetometerandsensitivityestimation
_version_	1718410494282301440

JOM-4S Overhauser Magnetometer and Sensitivity Estimation

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