Pathogenesis of hemorrhagic disease caused by elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

Abstract Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus-hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is an acute fatal disease in elephants. Despite the fact that the underlying pathogenesis of EEHV-HD has been proposed, it remains undetermined as to what mechanisms drive these hemorrhagic and edematous lesions. In the pre...

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Autores principales:	Thunyamas Guntawang, Tidaratt Sittisak, Varankpicha Kochagul, Saralee Srivorakul, Kornravee Photichai, Kittikorn Boonsri, Thittaya Janyamethakul, Khajohnpat Boonprasert, Warangkhana Langkaphin, Chatchote Thitaram, Kidsadagon Pringproa
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d9ecf8b9d2a8417e930212e317775c98
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d9ecf8b9d2a8417e930212e317775c982021-12-02T17:12:21ZPathogenesis of hemorrhagic disease caused by elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)10.1038/s41598-021-92393-82045-2322https://doaj.org/article/d9ecf8b9d2a8417e930212e317775c982021-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92393-8https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus-hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is an acute fatal disease in elephants. Despite the fact that the underlying pathogenesis of EEHV-HD has been proposed, it remains undetermined as to what mechanisms drive these hemorrhagic and edematous lesions. In the present study, we have investigated and explained the pathogenesis of acute EEHV-HD using blood profiles of EEHV-HD and EEHV-infected cases, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, special stains, immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It was found that EEHV genomes were predominantly detected in various internal organs of EEHV-HD cases. Damage to endothelial cells, vasculitis and vascular thrombosis of the small blood vessels were also predominantly observed. Increases in platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecules-1 (PECAM-1)- and von Willebrand factor (vWF)-immunolabeling positive cells were significantly noticed in injured blood vessels. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA was significantly up-regulated in EEHV-HD cases when compared to EEHV-negative controls. We have hypothesized that this could be attributed to the systemic inflammation and disruption of small blood vessels, followed by the disseminated intravascular coagulopathy that enhanced hemorrhagic and edematous lesions in EEHV-HD cases. Our findings have brought attention to the potential application of effective preventive and therapeutic protocols to treat EEHV infection in Asian elephants.Thunyamas GuntawangTidaratt SittisakVarankpicha KochagulSaralee SrivorakulKornravee PhotichaiKittikorn BoonsriThittaya JanyamethakulKhajohnpat BoonprasertWarangkhana LangkaphinChatchote ThitaramKidsadagon PringproaNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Thunyamas Guntawang Tidaratt Sittisak Varankpicha Kochagul Saralee Srivorakul Kornravee Photichai Kittikorn Boonsri Thittaya Janyamethakul Khajohnpat Boonprasert Warangkhana Langkaphin Chatchote Thitaram Kidsadagon Pringproa Pathogenesis of hemorrhagic disease caused by elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
description	Abstract Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus-hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is an acute fatal disease in elephants. Despite the fact that the underlying pathogenesis of EEHV-HD has been proposed, it remains undetermined as to what mechanisms drive these hemorrhagic and edematous lesions. In the present study, we have investigated and explained the pathogenesis of acute EEHV-HD using blood profiles of EEHV-HD and EEHV-infected cases, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, special stains, immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It was found that EEHV genomes were predominantly detected in various internal organs of EEHV-HD cases. Damage to endothelial cells, vasculitis and vascular thrombosis of the small blood vessels were also predominantly observed. Increases in platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecules-1 (PECAM-1)- and von Willebrand factor (vWF)-immunolabeling positive cells were significantly noticed in injured blood vessels. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA was significantly up-regulated in EEHV-HD cases when compared to EEHV-negative controls. We have hypothesized that this could be attributed to the systemic inflammation and disruption of small blood vessels, followed by the disseminated intravascular coagulopathy that enhanced hemorrhagic and edematous lesions in EEHV-HD cases. Our findings have brought attention to the potential application of effective preventive and therapeutic protocols to treat EEHV infection in Asian elephants.
format	article
author	Thunyamas Guntawang Tidaratt Sittisak Varankpicha Kochagul Saralee Srivorakul Kornravee Photichai Kittikorn Boonsri Thittaya Janyamethakul Khajohnpat Boonprasert Warangkhana Langkaphin Chatchote Thitaram Kidsadagon Pringproa
author_facet	Thunyamas Guntawang Tidaratt Sittisak Varankpicha Kochagul Saralee Srivorakul Kornravee Photichai Kittikorn Boonsri Thittaya Janyamethakul Khajohnpat Boonprasert Warangkhana Langkaphin Chatchote Thitaram Kidsadagon Pringproa
author_sort	Thunyamas Guntawang
title	Pathogenesis of hemorrhagic disease caused by elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
title_short	Pathogenesis of hemorrhagic disease caused by elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
title_full	Pathogenesis of hemorrhagic disease caused by elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
title_fullStr	Pathogenesis of hemorrhagic disease caused by elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
title_full_unstemmed	Pathogenesis of hemorrhagic disease caused by elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
title_sort	pathogenesis of hemorrhagic disease caused by elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (eehv) in asian elephants (elephas maximus)
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d9ecf8b9d2a8417e930212e317775c98
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Pathogenesis of hemorrhagic disease caused by elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

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