The Secrets of Alternative Autophagy

For many years, it was thought that ATG5 and ATG7 played a pivotal role in autophagy, and that the knockdown of one of these genes would result in its inhibition. However, cells with ATG5 or ATG7 depletion still generate aut...

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Autores principales:	Kaja Urbańska, Arkadiusz Orzechowski
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	alternative autophagy ATG5 ATG7 Golgi apparatus lysosome RAB9 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/da096510c1cb4693951e38e43302b70b
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:da096510c1cb4693951e38e43302b70b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:da096510c1cb4693951e38e43302b70b2021-11-25T17:13:12ZThe Secrets of Alternative Autophagy10.3390/cells101132412073-4409https://doaj.org/article/da096510c1cb4693951e38e43302b70b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3241https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409For many years, it was thought that <i>ATG5</i> and <i>ATG7</i> played a pivotal role in autophagy, and that the knockdown of one of these genes would result in its inhibition. However, cells with <i>ATG5</i> or <i>ATG7</i> depletion still generate autophagic vacuoles with mainly <i>trans</i>-Golgi-originated isolation membranes and do not die. This indicates that autophagy can occur via ATG5/ATG7-independent alternative autophagy. Its molecular mechanism differs from that of the canonical pathway, including inter alia the phosphorylation of ULK1, and lack of LC3 modifications. As the alternative autophagy pathway has only recently been described, little is known of its precise role; however, a considerable body of evidence suggests that alternative autophagy participates in mitochondrion removal. This review summarizes the latest progress made in research on alternative autophagy and describes its possible molecular mechanism, roles and methods of detection, and possible modulators. There is a need for further research focused on types of autophagy, as this can elucidate the functioning of various cell types and the pathogenesis of human and animal diseases.Kaja UrbańskaArkadiusz OrzechowskiMDPI AGarticlealternative autophagyATG5ATG7Golgi apparatuslysosomeRAB9Biology (General)QH301-705.5ENCells, Vol 10, Iss 3241, p 3241 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	alternative autophagy ATG5 ATG7 Golgi apparatus lysosome RAB9 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	alternative autophagy ATG5 ATG7 Golgi apparatus lysosome RAB9 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Kaja Urbańska Arkadiusz Orzechowski The Secrets of Alternative Autophagy
description	For many years, it was thought that <i>ATG5</i> and <i>ATG7</i> played a pivotal role in autophagy, and that the knockdown of one of these genes would result in its inhibition. However, cells with <i>ATG5</i> or <i>ATG7</i> depletion still generate autophagic vacuoles with mainly <i>trans</i>-Golgi-originated isolation membranes and do not die. This indicates that autophagy can occur via ATG5/ATG7-independent alternative autophagy. Its molecular mechanism differs from that of the canonical pathway, including inter alia the phosphorylation of ULK1, and lack of LC3 modifications. As the alternative autophagy pathway has only recently been described, little is known of its precise role; however, a considerable body of evidence suggests that alternative autophagy participates in mitochondrion removal. This review summarizes the latest progress made in research on alternative autophagy and describes its possible molecular mechanism, roles and methods of detection, and possible modulators. There is a need for further research focused on types of autophagy, as this can elucidate the functioning of various cell types and the pathogenesis of human and animal diseases.
format	article
author	Kaja Urbańska Arkadiusz Orzechowski
author_facet	Kaja Urbańska Arkadiusz Orzechowski
author_sort	Kaja Urbańska
title	The Secrets of Alternative Autophagy
title_short	The Secrets of Alternative Autophagy
title_full	The Secrets of Alternative Autophagy
title_fullStr	The Secrets of Alternative Autophagy
title_full_unstemmed	The Secrets of Alternative Autophagy
title_sort	secrets of alternative autophagy
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/da096510c1cb4693951e38e43302b70b
work_keys_str_mv	AT kajaurbanska thesecretsofalternativeautophagy AT arkadiuszorzechowski thesecretsofalternativeautophagy AT kajaurbanska secretsofalternativeautophagy AT arkadiuszorzechowski secretsofalternativeautophagy
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The Secrets of Alternative Autophagy

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