Neuroinflammation and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 include dry cough, difficult breathing, fever, fatigue, and may lead to pneumonia and respiratory failure. There are significan...

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Autores principales:	Mohammed M. Almutairi, Farzane Sivandzade, Thamer H. Albekairi, Faleh Alqahtani, Luca Cucullo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 CNS blood-brain barrier neuroinflammation oxidative stress Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/da24ef88cca54900bb343985dd74f434
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:da24ef88cca54900bb343985dd74f4342021-11-30T18:02:40ZNeuroinflammation and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of COVID-192296-858X10.3389/fmed.2021.745789https://doaj.org/article/da24ef88cca54900bb343985dd74f4342021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.745789/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-858XCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 include dry cough, difficult breathing, fever, fatigue, and may lead to pneumonia and respiratory failure. There are significant gaps in the current understanding of whether SARS-CoV-2 attacks the CNS directly or through activation of the peripheral immune system and immune cell infiltration. Although the modality of neurological impairments associated with COVID-19 has not been thoroughly investigated, the latest studies have observed that SARS-CoV-2 induces neuroinflammation and may have severe long-term consequences. Here we review the literature on possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced-neuroinflammation. Activation of the innate immune system is associated with increased cytokine levels, chemokines, and free radicals in the SARS-CoV-2-induced pathogenic response at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB disruption allows immune/inflammatory cell infiltration into the CNS activating immune resident cells (such as microglia and astrocytes). This review highlights the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in COVID-19-induced neuroinflammation, which may lead to neuronal death. A better understanding of these mechanisms will help gain substantial knowledge about the potential role of SARS-CoV-2 in neurological changes and plan possible therapeutic intervention strategies.Mohammed M. AlmutairiFarzane SivandzadeFarzane SivandzadeThamer H. AlbekairiFaleh AlqahtaniLuca CuculloFrontiers Media S.A.articleSARS-CoV-2COVID-19CNSblood-brain barrierneuroinflammationoxidative stressMedicine (General)R5-920ENFrontiers in Medicine, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 CNS blood-brain barrier neuroinflammation oxidative stress Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 CNS blood-brain barrier neuroinflammation oxidative stress Medicine (General) R5-920 Mohammed M. Almutairi Farzane Sivandzade Farzane Sivandzade Thamer H. Albekairi Faleh Alqahtani Luca Cucullo Neuroinflammation and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of COVID-19
description	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 include dry cough, difficult breathing, fever, fatigue, and may lead to pneumonia and respiratory failure. There are significant gaps in the current understanding of whether SARS-CoV-2 attacks the CNS directly or through activation of the peripheral immune system and immune cell infiltration. Although the modality of neurological impairments associated with COVID-19 has not been thoroughly investigated, the latest studies have observed that SARS-CoV-2 induces neuroinflammation and may have severe long-term consequences. Here we review the literature on possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced-neuroinflammation. Activation of the innate immune system is associated with increased cytokine levels, chemokines, and free radicals in the SARS-CoV-2-induced pathogenic response at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB disruption allows immune/inflammatory cell infiltration into the CNS activating immune resident cells (such as microglia and astrocytes). This review highlights the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in COVID-19-induced neuroinflammation, which may lead to neuronal death. A better understanding of these mechanisms will help gain substantial knowledge about the potential role of SARS-CoV-2 in neurological changes and plan possible therapeutic intervention strategies.
format	article
author	Mohammed M. Almutairi Farzane Sivandzade Farzane Sivandzade Thamer H. Albekairi Faleh Alqahtani Luca Cucullo
author_facet	Mohammed M. Almutairi Farzane Sivandzade Farzane Sivandzade Thamer H. Albekairi Faleh Alqahtani Luca Cucullo
author_sort	Mohammed M. Almutairi
title	Neuroinflammation and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of COVID-19
title_short	Neuroinflammation and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of COVID-19
title_full	Neuroinflammation and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of COVID-19
title_fullStr	Neuroinflammation and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of COVID-19
title_full_unstemmed	Neuroinflammation and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of COVID-19
title_sort	neuroinflammation and its impact on the pathogenesis of covid-19
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/da24ef88cca54900bb343985dd74f434
work_keys_str_mv	AT mohammedmalmutairi neuroinflammationanditsimpactonthepathogenesisofcovid19 AT farzanesivandzade neuroinflammationanditsimpactonthepathogenesisofcovid19 AT farzanesivandzade neuroinflammationanditsimpactonthepathogenesisofcovid19 AT thamerhalbekairi neuroinflammationanditsimpactonthepathogenesisofcovid19 AT falehalqahtani neuroinflammationanditsimpactonthepathogenesisofcovid19 AT lucacucullo neuroinflammationanditsimpactonthepathogenesisofcovid19
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Neuroinflammation and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

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