Er:YAG Laser Cleaning of Painted Surfaces: Functional Considerations to Improve Efficacy and Reduce Side Effects

The restoration of paintings always involves the removal of darkened superficial layers, which are mainly due to dust deposition and aged varnishes. As cleaning is an irreversible and invasive treatment, physical methods (i.e., laser cleaning) instead of chemical ones are frequently suggested to red...

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Autores principales:	Cong Wang, Yijian Cao, Fude Tie, Mara Camaiti
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	laser cleaning Er:YAG laser paintings efficacy evaluation Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/da99adcfff234aa68e943ef7c72b9902
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:da99adcfff234aa68e943ef7c72b9902
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:da99adcfff234aa68e943ef7c72b99022021-11-25T17:15:56ZEr:YAG Laser Cleaning of Painted Surfaces: Functional Considerations to Improve Efficacy and Reduce Side Effects10.3390/coatings111113152079-6412https://doaj.org/article/da99adcfff234aa68e943ef7c72b99022021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/11/11/1315https://doaj.org/toc/2079-6412The restoration of paintings always involves the removal of darkened superficial layers, which are mainly due to dust deposition and aged varnishes. As cleaning is an irreversible and invasive treatment, physical methods (i.e., laser cleaning) instead of chemical ones are frequently suggested to reduce side effects on pictorial layers. Among the most employed laser systems, the free-running Er:YAG laser is considered very suitable for fine arts cleaning. This laser works at 2.94 μm, at which only –OH and –NH bonds in molecules are excited. This character can become a disadvantage when pigments with these functional groups are present. To understand the potential of the Er:YAG laser in such situations or in the presence of degradable pigments, the effectiveness of varnish removal from paintings prepared with egg yolk as the binder and cinnabar and lead white as the pigments were systematically investigated. Different cleaning conditions were used, and a hyperspectral sensor was innovatively used as a rapid, in situ and non-destructive technique to assess the effects of laser ablation, besides microscopic analysis. Though results obtained show all these pigments are sensitive to this laser radiation, satisfactory cleaning can be achieved without damaging the pictorial layer. The best cleaning conditions were 0.5 W of power (50 mJ and 10 Hz for energy and frequency), with 2-propanol as the wetting agent.Cong WangYijian CaoFude TieMara CamaitiMDPI AGarticlelaser cleaningEr:YAG laserpaintingsefficacy evaluationEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040ENCoatings, Vol 11, Iss 1315, p 1315 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	laser cleaning Er:YAG laser paintings efficacy evaluation Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040
spellingShingle	laser cleaning Er:YAG laser paintings efficacy evaluation Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Cong Wang Yijian Cao Fude Tie Mara Camaiti Er:YAG Laser Cleaning of Painted Surfaces: Functional Considerations to Improve Efficacy and Reduce Side Effects
description	The restoration of paintings always involves the removal of darkened superficial layers, which are mainly due to dust deposition and aged varnishes. As cleaning is an irreversible and invasive treatment, physical methods (i.e., laser cleaning) instead of chemical ones are frequently suggested to reduce side effects on pictorial layers. Among the most employed laser systems, the free-running Er:YAG laser is considered very suitable for fine arts cleaning. This laser works at 2.94 μm, at which only –OH and –NH bonds in molecules are excited. This character can become a disadvantage when pigments with these functional groups are present. To understand the potential of the Er:YAG laser in such situations or in the presence of degradable pigments, the effectiveness of varnish removal from paintings prepared with egg yolk as the binder and cinnabar and lead white as the pigments were systematically investigated. Different cleaning conditions were used, and a hyperspectral sensor was innovatively used as a rapid, in situ and non-destructive technique to assess the effects of laser ablation, besides microscopic analysis. Though results obtained show all these pigments are sensitive to this laser radiation, satisfactory cleaning can be achieved without damaging the pictorial layer. The best cleaning conditions were 0.5 W of power (50 mJ and 10 Hz for energy and frequency), with 2-propanol as the wetting agent.
format	article
author	Cong Wang Yijian Cao Fude Tie Mara Camaiti
author_facet	Cong Wang Yijian Cao Fude Tie Mara Camaiti
author_sort	Cong Wang
title	Er:YAG Laser Cleaning of Painted Surfaces: Functional Considerations to Improve Efficacy and Reduce Side Effects
title_short	Er:YAG Laser Cleaning of Painted Surfaces: Functional Considerations to Improve Efficacy and Reduce Side Effects
title_full	Er:YAG Laser Cleaning of Painted Surfaces: Functional Considerations to Improve Efficacy and Reduce Side Effects
title_fullStr	Er:YAG Laser Cleaning of Painted Surfaces: Functional Considerations to Improve Efficacy and Reduce Side Effects
title_full_unstemmed	Er:YAG Laser Cleaning of Painted Surfaces: Functional Considerations to Improve Efficacy and Reduce Side Effects
title_sort	er:yag laser cleaning of painted surfaces: functional considerations to improve efficacy and reduce side effects
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/da99adcfff234aa68e943ef7c72b9902
work_keys_str_mv	AT congwang eryaglasercleaningofpaintedsurfacesfunctionalconsiderationstoimproveefficacyandreducesideeffects AT yijiancao eryaglasercleaningofpaintedsurfacesfunctionalconsiderationstoimproveefficacyandreducesideeffects AT fudetie eryaglasercleaningofpaintedsurfacesfunctionalconsiderationstoimproveefficacyandreducesideeffects AT maracamaiti eryaglasercleaningofpaintedsurfacesfunctionalconsiderationstoimproveefficacyandreducesideeffects
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Er:YAG Laser Cleaning of Painted Surfaces: Functional Considerations to Improve Efficacy and Reduce Side Effects

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