Quality of heavy metal-contaminated soil before and after column flushing with washing agents derived from municipal sewage sludge

Abstract Removal of heavy metals (HMs) from soil is a priority in soil washing/soil flushing. However, for further management of remediated soil, it should be characterized in detail. This study presents, for the first time, an evaluation of soil quality after column flushing with new-generation was...

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Autores principales:	Barbara Klik, Zygmunt M. Gusiatin, Dorota Kulikowska
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dab946071f6b4c18817fca84e7620990
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dab946071f6b4c18817fca84e76209902021-12-02T18:49:34ZQuality of heavy metal-contaminated soil before and after column flushing with washing agents derived from municipal sewage sludge10.1038/s41598-021-95441-52045-2322https://doaj.org/article/dab946071f6b4c18817fca84e76209902021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95441-5https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Removal of heavy metals (HMs) from soil is a priority in soil washing/soil flushing. However, for further management of remediated soil, it should be characterized in detail. This study presents, for the first time, an evaluation of soil quality after column flushing with new-generation washing agents (WAs) recovered from municipal sewage sludge (dissolved organic matter, DOM; soluble humic-like substances, HLS; soluble humic substances, SHS) and Na2EDTA as a standard benchmark. Sandy loam soil was spiked with industrial levels of Cu, Pb and Zn, then flushed in a column reactor at two WA flow rates (0.5 and 1.0 ml/min). Soil quality was assessed by determining both physico-chemical (pH, total HMs and their mobility, soil organic matter, OM, humic substances, HS and their fractions, macroelements) and biological indicators (dehydrogenase activity, DHA; germination rate, GR; and inhibition factors for roots and shoots of Triticum aestivum). Total residual HMs contents and HMs contents in the mobile fraction were significantly lower in soil flushed at 1.0 ml/min than in soil flushed at 0.5 ml/min. With all WAs, the decrease in Cu content was larger than that of the other HMs, however this HM most effectively was removed with DOM. In contrast, Pb most effectively was removed by HLS and Na2EDTA, and DOM should not be used to remediate Pb-contaminated soil, due to its very low effectiveness. Flow rate did not appear to affect the fertilizing properties of the soil, DHA activity or soil toxicity indicators. Soil flushing with all SS_WAs increased OM, HS, and exchangeable P, K and Na content in remediated soils, but decreased exchangeable Ca content, and in most cases, exchangeable Mg content. Soil flushing substantially improved DHA activity and GR, but only slightly improved the shoot and root inhibition factors.Barbara KlikZygmunt M. GusiatinDorota KulikowskaNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Barbara Klik Zygmunt M. Gusiatin Dorota Kulikowska Quality of heavy metal-contaminated soil before and after column flushing with washing agents derived from municipal sewage sludge
description	Abstract Removal of heavy metals (HMs) from soil is a priority in soil washing/soil flushing. However, for further management of remediated soil, it should be characterized in detail. This study presents, for the first time, an evaluation of soil quality after column flushing with new-generation washing agents (WAs) recovered from municipal sewage sludge (dissolved organic matter, DOM; soluble humic-like substances, HLS; soluble humic substances, SHS) and Na2EDTA as a standard benchmark. Sandy loam soil was spiked with industrial levels of Cu, Pb and Zn, then flushed in a column reactor at two WA flow rates (0.5 and 1.0 ml/min). Soil quality was assessed by determining both physico-chemical (pH, total HMs and their mobility, soil organic matter, OM, humic substances, HS and their fractions, macroelements) and biological indicators (dehydrogenase activity, DHA; germination rate, GR; and inhibition factors for roots and shoots of Triticum aestivum). Total residual HMs contents and HMs contents in the mobile fraction were significantly lower in soil flushed at 1.0 ml/min than in soil flushed at 0.5 ml/min. With all WAs, the decrease in Cu content was larger than that of the other HMs, however this HM most effectively was removed with DOM. In contrast, Pb most effectively was removed by HLS and Na2EDTA, and DOM should not be used to remediate Pb-contaminated soil, due to its very low effectiveness. Flow rate did not appear to affect the fertilizing properties of the soil, DHA activity or soil toxicity indicators. Soil flushing with all SS_WAs increased OM, HS, and exchangeable P, K and Na content in remediated soils, but decreased exchangeable Ca content, and in most cases, exchangeable Mg content. Soil flushing substantially improved DHA activity and GR, but only slightly improved the shoot and root inhibition factors.
format	article
author	Barbara Klik Zygmunt M. Gusiatin Dorota Kulikowska
author_facet	Barbara Klik Zygmunt M. Gusiatin Dorota Kulikowska
author_sort	Barbara Klik
title	Quality of heavy metal-contaminated soil before and after column flushing with washing agents derived from municipal sewage sludge
title_short	Quality of heavy metal-contaminated soil before and after column flushing with washing agents derived from municipal sewage sludge
title_full	Quality of heavy metal-contaminated soil before and after column flushing with washing agents derived from municipal sewage sludge
title_fullStr	Quality of heavy metal-contaminated soil before and after column flushing with washing agents derived from municipal sewage sludge
title_full_unstemmed	Quality of heavy metal-contaminated soil before and after column flushing with washing agents derived from municipal sewage sludge
title_sort	quality of heavy metal-contaminated soil before and after column flushing with washing agents derived from municipal sewage sludge
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/dab946071f6b4c18817fca84e7620990
work_keys_str_mv	AT barbaraklik qualityofheavymetalcontaminatedsoilbeforeandaftercolumnflushingwithwashingagentsderivedfrommunicipalsewagesludge AT zygmuntmgusiatin qualityofheavymetalcontaminatedsoilbeforeandaftercolumnflushingwithwashingagentsderivedfrommunicipalsewagesludge AT dorotakulikowska qualityofheavymetalcontaminatedsoilbeforeandaftercolumnflushingwithwashingagentsderivedfrommunicipalsewagesludge
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Quality of heavy metal-contaminated soil before and after column flushing with washing agents derived from municipal sewage sludge

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