Neuroprotection by the Ketogenic Diet: Evidence and Controversies

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet that has been used for decades as a non-pharmacologic approach to treat metabolic disorders and refractory pediatric epilepsy. In recent years, enthusiasm for the KD has increased in the scientific community due to evidence that the diet re...

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Autores principales:	Sarah M. Gough, Alicia Casella, Kristen Jasmin Ortega, Abigail S. Hackam
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	neurodegeneration ketogenic diet mitochondria ketone bodies inflammation Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/db60a2f3aedb47909154aef3cf4407cc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:db60a2f3aedb47909154aef3cf4407cc2021-11-30T12:52:34ZNeuroprotection by the Ketogenic Diet: Evidence and Controversies2296-861X10.3389/fnut.2021.782657https://doaj.org/article/db60a2f3aedb47909154aef3cf4407cc2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.782657/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-861XThe ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet that has been used for decades as a non-pharmacologic approach to treat metabolic disorders and refractory pediatric epilepsy. In recent years, enthusiasm for the KD has increased in the scientific community due to evidence that the diet reduces pathology and improves various outcome measures in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis, stroke, glaucoma, spinal cord injury, retinal degenerations, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Clinical trials also suggest that the KD improved quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the major ketone bodies BHB and ACA have potential neuroprotective properties and are now known to have direct effects on specific inflammatory proteins, transcription factors, reactive oxygen species, mitochondria, epigenetic modifications and the composition of the gut microbiome. Neuroprotective benefits of the KD are likely due to a combination of these cellular processes and other potential mechanisms that are yet to be confirmed experimentally. This review provides a comprehensive summary of current evidence for the effectiveness of the KD in humans and preclinical models of various neurological disorders, describes molecular mechanisms that may contribute to its beneficial effects, and highlights key controversies and current gaps in knowledge.Sarah M. GoughAlicia CasellaKristen Jasmin OrtegaAbigail S. HackamFrontiers Media S.A.articleneurodegenerationketogenic dietmitochondriaketone bodiesinflammationNutrition. Foods and food supplyTX341-641ENFrontiers in Nutrition, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	neurodegeneration ketogenic diet mitochondria ketone bodies inflammation Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
spellingShingle	neurodegeneration ketogenic diet mitochondria ketone bodies inflammation Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641 Sarah M. Gough Alicia Casella Kristen Jasmin Ortega Abigail S. Hackam Neuroprotection by the Ketogenic Diet: Evidence and Controversies
description	The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet that has been used for decades as a non-pharmacologic approach to treat metabolic disorders and refractory pediatric epilepsy. In recent years, enthusiasm for the KD has increased in the scientific community due to evidence that the diet reduces pathology and improves various outcome measures in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis, stroke, glaucoma, spinal cord injury, retinal degenerations, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Clinical trials also suggest that the KD improved quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the major ketone bodies BHB and ACA have potential neuroprotective properties and are now known to have direct effects on specific inflammatory proteins, transcription factors, reactive oxygen species, mitochondria, epigenetic modifications and the composition of the gut microbiome. Neuroprotective benefits of the KD are likely due to a combination of these cellular processes and other potential mechanisms that are yet to be confirmed experimentally. This review provides a comprehensive summary of current evidence for the effectiveness of the KD in humans and preclinical models of various neurological disorders, describes molecular mechanisms that may contribute to its beneficial effects, and highlights key controversies and current gaps in knowledge.
format	article
author	Sarah M. Gough Alicia Casella Kristen Jasmin Ortega Abigail S. Hackam
author_facet	Sarah M. Gough Alicia Casella Kristen Jasmin Ortega Abigail S. Hackam
author_sort	Sarah M. Gough
title	Neuroprotection by the Ketogenic Diet: Evidence and Controversies
title_short	Neuroprotection by the Ketogenic Diet: Evidence and Controversies
title_full	Neuroprotection by the Ketogenic Diet: Evidence and Controversies
title_fullStr	Neuroprotection by the Ketogenic Diet: Evidence and Controversies
title_full_unstemmed	Neuroprotection by the Ketogenic Diet: Evidence and Controversies
title_sort	neuroprotection by the ketogenic diet: evidence and controversies
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/db60a2f3aedb47909154aef3cf4407cc
work_keys_str_mv	AT sarahmgough neuroprotectionbytheketogenicdietevidenceandcontroversies AT aliciacasella neuroprotectionbytheketogenicdietevidenceandcontroversies AT kristenjasminortega neuroprotectionbytheketogenicdietevidenceandcontroversies AT abigailshackam neuroprotectionbytheketogenicdietevidenceandcontroversies
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Neuroprotection by the Ketogenic Diet: Evidence and Controversies

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