The removal of anionic and cationic dyes from an aqueous solution using biomass-based activated carbon

Abstract In this study, two biomass-based adsorbents were used as new precursors for optimizing synthesis conditions of a cost-effective powdered activated carbon (PAC). The PAC removed dyes from an aqueous solution using carbonization and activation by KOH, NaOH, and H2SO4. The optimum synthesis, a...

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Autores principales:	Nurul Umairah M. Nizam, Marlia M. Hanafiah, Ebrahim Mahmoudi, Azhar A. Halim, Abdul Wahab Mohammad
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/db6b69873af04b339c58421ec872d31e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:db6b69873af04b339c58421ec872d31e2021-12-02T15:26:58ZThe removal of anionic and cationic dyes from an aqueous solution using biomass-based activated carbon10.1038/s41598-021-88084-z2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/db6b69873af04b339c58421ec872d31e2021-04-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88084-zhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract In this study, two biomass-based adsorbents were used as new precursors for optimizing synthesis conditions of a cost-effective powdered activated carbon (PAC). The PAC removed dyes from an aqueous solution using carbonization and activation by KOH, NaOH, and H2SO4. The optimum synthesis, activation temperature, time and impregnation ratio, removal rate, and uptake capacity were determined. The optimum PAC was analyzed and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Zeta potential, and Raman spectroscopy. Morphological studies showed single-layered planes with highly porous surfaces, especially PAC activated by NaOH and H2SO4. The results showed that the experimental data were well-fitted with a pseudo-second-order model. Based on Langmuir isotherm, the maximum adsorption capacity for removing methylene blue (MB) was 769.23 mg g−1 and 458.43 mg g−1 for congo red (CR). Based on the isotherm models, more than one mechanism was involved in the adsorption process, monolayer for the anionic dye and multilayer for the cationic dye. Elovich and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models showed that rubber seed shells (RSS) has higher α values with a greater tendency to adsorb dyes compared to rubber seed (RS). A thermodynamic study showed that both dyes’ adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic due to the negative values of the enthalpy (ΔH) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG). The change in removal efficiency of adsorbent for regeneration study was observed in the seventh cycles, with a 3% decline in the CR and 2% decline in MB removal performance. This study showed that the presence of functional groups and active sites on the produced adsorbent (hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, and π − π) contributed to its considerable affinity for adsorption in dye removal. Therefore, the optimum PAC can serve as efficient and cost-effective adsorbents to remove dyes from industrial wastewater.Nurul Umairah M. NizamMarlia M. HanafiahEbrahim MahmoudiAzhar A. HalimAbdul Wahab MohammadNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Nurul Umairah M. Nizam Marlia M. Hanafiah Ebrahim Mahmoudi Azhar A. Halim Abdul Wahab Mohammad The removal of anionic and cationic dyes from an aqueous solution using biomass-based activated carbon
description	Abstract In this study, two biomass-based adsorbents were used as new precursors for optimizing synthesis conditions of a cost-effective powdered activated carbon (PAC). The PAC removed dyes from an aqueous solution using carbonization and activation by KOH, NaOH, and H2SO4. The optimum synthesis, activation temperature, time and impregnation ratio, removal rate, and uptake capacity were determined. The optimum PAC was analyzed and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Zeta potential, and Raman spectroscopy. Morphological studies showed single-layered planes with highly porous surfaces, especially PAC activated by NaOH and H2SO4. The results showed that the experimental data were well-fitted with a pseudo-second-order model. Based on Langmuir isotherm, the maximum adsorption capacity for removing methylene blue (MB) was 769.23 mg g−1 and 458.43 mg g−1 for congo red (CR). Based on the isotherm models, more than one mechanism was involved in the adsorption process, monolayer for the anionic dye and multilayer for the cationic dye. Elovich and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models showed that rubber seed shells (RSS) has higher α values with a greater tendency to adsorb dyes compared to rubber seed (RS). A thermodynamic study showed that both dyes’ adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic due to the negative values of the enthalpy (ΔH) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG). The change in removal efficiency of adsorbent for regeneration study was observed in the seventh cycles, with a 3% decline in the CR and 2% decline in MB removal performance. This study showed that the presence of functional groups and active sites on the produced adsorbent (hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, and π − π) contributed to its considerable affinity for adsorption in dye removal. Therefore, the optimum PAC can serve as efficient and cost-effective adsorbents to remove dyes from industrial wastewater.
format	article
author	Nurul Umairah M. Nizam Marlia M. Hanafiah Ebrahim Mahmoudi Azhar A. Halim Abdul Wahab Mohammad
author_facet	Nurul Umairah M. Nizam Marlia M. Hanafiah Ebrahim Mahmoudi Azhar A. Halim Abdul Wahab Mohammad
author_sort	Nurul Umairah M. Nizam
title	The removal of anionic and cationic dyes from an aqueous solution using biomass-based activated carbon
title_short	The removal of anionic and cationic dyes from an aqueous solution using biomass-based activated carbon
title_full	The removal of anionic and cationic dyes from an aqueous solution using biomass-based activated carbon
title_fullStr	The removal of anionic and cationic dyes from an aqueous solution using biomass-based activated carbon
title_full_unstemmed	The removal of anionic and cationic dyes from an aqueous solution using biomass-based activated carbon
title_sort	removal of anionic and cationic dyes from an aqueous solution using biomass-based activated carbon
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/db6b69873af04b339c58421ec872d31e
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The removal of anionic and cationic dyes from an aqueous solution using biomass-based activated carbon

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